JAMAICA 🇯🇲🇯🇲🇯🇲

Question 1

Background of Jamaica pre English

Answer 1

• was originally inhabited by the taino people
• colombos claimed it for Spain and with his weapons out powered the taino
• the Spanish overworked and enslaved the taino and as they had never made contact with outside people their immune systems couldn’t take any disease
• soon the taino and their culture had all been wiped out
• though there was no gold in Jamaica, the Spanish used it as a base to conquer other South American countries

Question 2

How did the english take Jamaica

Answer 2

• in 1655 Cromwell sent fleets to seize spains carabean
• he sent a fleet of 2500 men commanded by admiral penn, it was a poor army as it had been quickly put together
• they had lost an invasion and were looking for victory
• the sparsely manned spanish men in Jamaica surrendered

Question 3

Initial faliure of the english in Jamaica

Answer 3

• there was lots of disease
• supplies were sparse
• they were attacked by the maroons, escaped slave who lived in mountainous areas

Question 4

Edward Doyle

Answer 4

• cornel who had come with venebles to Jamaica
• he encouraged pirates to take up Jamaican ports so spanish couldn’t come back
• became the first officer of Jamaica
• he noted that they juch prefered being pirates in Jamaica than working to make sugar

Question 5

How Cromwell attracted people to Jamaica and why

Answer 5

• he wanted to make use of Englands new land for their glory as a country
• he promised free land and no tax
• many came from the us and Barbados

Question 6

Modyfords ideas

Answer 6

• he was a seasoned sugar planter from Barbados
• he told Charles of jamaicas potential due to its harbours, soil and climate
• he also was not scared by pirates- saying they’d rather plant sugar but also accepting many as défense for the island- even taking some of their profit
• he successfully drove them out of the port but then had to welcome them back
• governors from 64 to 71

Question 7

Impact of modyford

Answer 7

• economy began to thrive
• out of 16000 Jamaicans ober 9000 were enslaved
• he gave over 300k acres of land to his family and dreinds
• sugar imported into England was exempt from all taxes

Question 8

Impact of declining plantations in Barbados on Jamaica

Answer 8

• soil began to hugely decline in fertility through overuse so it cost more
• so many trees had been cut down to fuel factories that coal had to be imported from England
• the land began to produce less than 1 ton of sugar per acre, far less than Jamaica
• Barbados plantation owners moved to Jamaica and brought land

Question 9

Growth of enslaved people in Jamaica

Answer 9

• slavery has been run by the french and Portuguese
• the Dutch were the first to bring them to english plantations
• navigation acts post restoration helped england take over the trade and profit
• this meant that the number of enslaved people in Jamaica post 1660 grew hugely, soon it was up to 5000 a year

Question 10

Other people (non slaves) working in Jamaica

Answer 10

• many were prisoners of war or criminals sent to do labour
• there was also contracted servants/ indentured workers who would serve an agreed amount of time on the plantation for freedom afterwards
• owners were less keen on contracted servants as they were treated less harshly (if they ran away they’d only have months added to the contract) and worked less efficiently in tropical heat, they were also more expensive for less time

Question 11

Importance of slaves to plantations

Answer 11

• the slave trade and the sugar trade became mutually dependant on one another as labour was needed in order for sugar to be produced
• the work was brutal, they were treated as property and often died and so were readily replaced

Question 12

Slave uprising

Answer 12

• escaped slaves would join the maroons
• they lived in jungle mountainous areas and had safe bases
• they’d come from this area to attack english soldiers very successfully
• plantation owners soent lots trying to halt them without much real effect
  -in resto england there was six large slage uprisings- in 73 and 85 hundreds of slaves took arms killed their owners and made it to the maroons mountainous areas

Question 13

The slave code

Answer 13

• slave population hugely trumped white population and marrons + uprisings we’re a huge threat
• in 64 modyford passed the first slage codes which listed how slaves should be treated and punished
• in 84 as the population grew and there were more rebeltiions a new Jamaican slave code was made, it fined owners who didn’t stick to the code, increased pay for finding missing slaves and changed the status of slaves so they had to be sold off instead of inherited

Question 14

Jamaica as an English colony

Answer 14

• charles wanted colonies loyal to him and neeeded to make money for his debts
• he encouraged competition in between colonies to increase revenue
• charles used a private tax collector to raise this money which was hugeky unsuportee by the Jamaican governors as it hindered their relations with plantation owners

Question 15

Achievemts of lord Windsor

Answer 15

• replaced doyley as governor in 62
• he gave all non enslaved Jamaicans the rights of an englihs citizen
• he set up a council which could call for an assembly which was able to pass laws freely for two years
• however the owners in the assemblies were constantly fighting the gov and the king
• Windsor gave huge grants of land and encouraged the buckaneers to attack the Spanish
• he successfully attacked and looted cuba

Question 16

European rivalry in the carrabean 64-67

Answer 16

• modyford fought the Spanish but the English were in constant conflict with the Dutch
• england seized the dutches main land colonies and in return the Dutch sent a huge fleet for the carribean
• modyford enlisted all of the pirates to strike the Dutch and the french
• the french english and Dutch fought and captured eachothers lands until 67 when the peace of Breda agreed for land to go back to orignal owners

Question 17

Significance of Henry Morgan

Answer 17

• freind of modyfords and a provisional servant turned buccaneer
• sent to work out the Spanish intent
• he captured the wealthiest city Porto hello and won huge amounts of treasure with his people, the king and modyford
• he brought huge wealth to the english, fear to the Spanish and removed the threat of an invasion in Jamaica- despite going against orders not to attack land
• the king was displeased with the attack as it was out of orders and criminal, so Morgan had to lay low inland so modyford could report he had died down
• in 1670 the Spanish attacked Jamaica, Morgan was commissioned to destroy and attack the hugeky wealthy panama city- he won a huge battle and burnt and looted most of the city, they won huge amounts of supplies and loot

Question 18

Reasons for Sacking of modyford/ morgan

Answer 18

• international situation had shifted
• the Dutch war had ended and despite the treaty of dover the king had to agree to an alliance with Spain and Holland under the cabal ministry
• Spain accepted an alliance w england but was angry over the Panama City attack in 70
• because of this Morgan and modyford were imprisoned in london to appease them

Question 19

Resurface of modyford/ Morgan

Answer 19

• lynch replaced modyford and was told to crack down on buckaneers but had no help from the cabal gov
• when the cabal fell modyford and Morgan brought the new governor to Jamaica
• the two were cleared of wrongs having spent their time in prison comfortably and seen as hero’s
• both were knighted and given high posts as lieutenant governor and chief justice

Question 20

Rise of Peter beckford

Answer 20

• he was a pirate who arrived at the beginning of restonengland
• he invested all of his piracy money into plantations and was given large acres as a friend of modyfords
• he reinvested his money as a merchant for more land
• he married the daughter of one of the islands richest planters
• he became a leading politician and secretary who became a member of the council who United other planters witn his ideas

Question 21

Danbys treatment of Jamaica

Answer 21

• came after the lax cabal
• he set up a council to manage the colonies governments as he doubted they held the kings authority
• the comittee required governors to report to Jamaica often
• the current Jamaican gov Vaughan was seen to favour the planters over the buckaneers, so Morgan was made his deputy as the comittee didn’t want too much power in one individual
• Morgan told the comittee falsely the vaughn withheld the tax from the people for himself and so he was fired
• england now made the laws with them being approved by Jamaica after instead of vice versa

Question 22

List of Jamaican governors

Answer 22

• doyley 61-62
• Windsor 62-63
• modyford 64-71
• lynch 71-74
• Vaughan 75-78
• carlisle 78-80

Question 23

Carlisles actions

Answer 23

• he came to Jamaica with new laws from the king incl permanent revenue for England
• the council denied this as it was dominated by plantation owners who didn’t want power for the governor
• Carlisle got angry in the struggle, dissolved parliament multiple times and then arrested the leaders
• long was sent to london to explain the commotion but defended Jamaica so well to the king that the old lawmaking method was brought back
• Carlisle was sacked

Question 24

Decline of buckaneers

Answer 24

• Jamaica became a land of plantations and wanted the port royal for trade as it was the centre and chief market for trade
• buckaneers had exterminated all the Spanish enemies therefore they no longer had a purpose

Question 25

Significance of port royal

Answer 25

• second most popular port in the entire of the America’s
• heavily defended, located at the center of the carribean and a fine harbour
• many ships for rich and poor brought in goods
• blue collar workers would provide services such as rope making and carpenting needed by all
• buckaneers centered there
• very rowdy and loud with a hot spot for brothels and taverns

Question 26

How did rivalry w other powers cause the Brits to colonise Jamaica

Answer 26

• Cromwell wanted to seize foreign land owned by others notably by the Spanish
• modyford enlists buckaneers to fight the Dutch and the french
• foreign powers are constantly attempting to end the colonisation- negative factor
• Henry Morgan’s attacks on Spanish areas kept the rivalry alive but also kept the Spanish weakened and unlikely to attack

Question 27

Economical factor for colonisation of a Jamaica

Answer 27

• modyford was a sugar olanter who moved to Jamaica as Barbados had overworked soil and higher taxes
• Jamaica was prosperous and so moved there
• economically successful, Jamaica became very influential and relèvent in politics
• slave trade was hugely beneficial

Question 28

Charles as a factor of colonisation

Answer 28

• charles was in debt from wars, overspending and fued w parliment
• he made huge amount of money in the triangular trade
• he used private tax collectors and had high demands for the area which made him unpopular
• he was keen to use colonies to gain money- he’d grant royal privaleges and encourage competition

Question 29

Slavery as a factor of colonisation

Answer 29

• england gained a monopoly in the slave trade and Charles had shares in it
• demand for sugar corresponds w the ownership of the royal africa company
• indentured workers could work on plantations for up to 7 years in less harsh conditions and would be rewarded- made slavery very attractive to prisoners
• millions began to inhabit Jamaica due to this

Question 30

Role of the individual as a factor of colonisation

Answer 30

• modyford gifted huge areas of land to freinds and family which encouraged people to join a growing population
• Henry Morgan attacked Spanish cities and made huge amounts of money for the Jamaican economy and the king
• peter beckford was a pirate who spent his piracy money on sugar farming and helped make huge prosperity in the island