cold war main bit 48-60 Flashcards
Effects of chinas 1948 turn to communism
- the usa became very confident and threatened by their domino effect theory
- In 1950 the us realised contaiment hadnt worked and they decided on a ‘roll back’ idea that would be trying to turn areas back to capitalism
cause of korean war
- korea post ww2 had been divded at the 38th paralel
- the ussr had the north and the usa the south
- in june 1950 the ussr backed north invaded the south over the 38th parralel
two korean leaders
north- kim II sung
south- syngman rhee
the 1950 events in korea post june
- in june the north communists push way south to a small area called pusan
- in july the usa sends troops south and appeals to the un who send troops (they had been angered by the ussr boycotting)
- un forces overpower the north and push them over the 38th parralel and into the chinese border by october
- communist china is displeased having the us so close and so send troops which push the un and the south back over the 38th parralel
- macarthur calls for atomic bombs, is rejected and is sacked by truman
july 1951 events korea
un sends in more troops which push the north to the 38th border, resulting in a stalemate
november 1952 events (America)
eisenhower is elected president after truman and promises to go to korea and find an end to the war
july 1953 events
eisesnhower signs a peace armistice on the 38th parralel and korea becomes a divded state as it is today
impact of the korean war
- was the first time the 2 superpowers had engaged in a proxy war which would happen again frequently mostly in vietnam (when they act in behalf of a group in a third country)
- gener macarthur was sacked by truman after his call for an atomic war and his idea of a heavy ‘roll back’ died with his career, but the fact that the south remianed under us control was a success and proof of containment
- us soldiers remianed stationed in korea and upset the communist chinese, rising tensions
timeline of US presidents
45 FDR
45-53- Truman
53-61- Eisenhower
61-63- JFK
63-68- Lyndon b Johnson
69-74- Nixon
nuclear deterrece
if you had a great nuclear arsenal it would deter other powers from attacking you over threat of mass destruction and make them more likely to seek peace or surrender
MAD (mutually assured destruction)
If a nuclear war took place it would likely result in the absolute end of the world, something little people wanted meaning nuclear weapons are near impossible to use
Eisenhowers opinions on the nuclear arsenal
he felt the military industrial conplex (the defense eg atomic weapons backing the miliartary) had too much power and as a solider he could resist it but a new president might spend all money on fudning the nuclear weapons
1945 event for arms race
first atomic weapon is used on hiroshima and nagasaki, making the usa in a monoloply of atomic weapons
1949 event for arms race
the USSR successfully make their own nuclear weapon- both sides pose an equal threat
1952-53 evets for the arms race
first the usa then the ussr create the h bomb
1955 and 57 event for the arms race
55- the usa states anyone attacking them or their allies will face a great force of atomic war
57- in launching its satilite sputnik the ussr create a rocket that can carry a nuclear weapon over a long distance
1960s events for the arms race
62- cuban missile crisis
68- the ussr create tech to shoot down inbout missiles and the usa create MIRV which can hit multiple targets with one bomb
years of the space race
1957-69
1950s evets for the space race
57- the USSR launch sputnik which is the first satilite as well as a dog later that year
59- the USA launches luna which orbits the sun and pioneer which flies past the moon, the USSR launches their own Luna which also does a fly past of the moon
1960s events for the space race
60- usa launches discovery which has a spy camera
61- USSR puts uri gagari in space and the usa follows with alan shepard, JFK promises a man on the moon by end of decade
69- appollo 11 has buzz alrdin and niel armstrong reach the moon
order of USSR leaders
1929-53- joseph stalin
1953-64- kruschev
64-82- Brezhnev
Date and reason nato was formed
1949 post berlin blockade out of fear of the USSRs rising agression
aim of NATO
to stop the ussr attacking any us backed countries under the idea that if one was attacked the militia of all allies would fight back causing a far greater war and threat
members of nato
initial members incl USA, UK, canada, italy, iceland, france
in 1955 west germany joined
reason and date for formation of warsaw pact
formed in 1955 it was after the west germnay had decided to join nato
aim of warsaw pact
to make sure the US or their allies did not attack ussr backed area under the threat that all of their allies would become ivnolved
members of warsaw pact
ussr, czech, poland, east germany, albania, bulgaria
Reception of stalin post 1953 death
- investigations and anger over his violations of human rights
- prisojners freed from gulags
- in a 1956 speech krushcev denounced stalin for his crimes and brutality and proposed destalinisation
destalinisation
proposed by kruschev in 1956, it aimed to make the eastern bloc less opressed by the ussr
limits to destalinisation
no one could denounce communism or exit the warsaw pact
causes of the hungarian uprising 1956
- the hungarian leader Rakoshi had been in power since 1947 and was a ussr controlled hard communist
-his secret police arrested ayoe enteratining western culture such as music and anyone who tried to oppose the leaders views - the ussr had thousads of troops in hungary who took up huge amounts of reszources and meant famine and poverty
- the russia lnaguage was being taught everywhere and hungarias were losing their culture
1956 uprising events
the people began to mass protest and krushcev agreed to replace rokosi with gero who was equally ussr controlled
the protest cotinued and krushchev agreed to change the goverment to be lead by popular liberal Nagy
Nagys ideas
- free eelctions and a democracy
- fair trialls and no USSR bias
- no more troops in hunagry
- priavte ownership for farmers (NOT COMMUNIST)
- hungary to become neutral in the cold war and to exxit the warasaw pact
solviet response to nagys ideas
- kruschev could not have a spae in the USSRs defensive buffer if hungary left the warsaw pact as USSR security was the main priortiy
- He realised he had to crack down on the radical hungarian ideas
- the ussr very suddenly sent in thousnads of tanks and militia to the portesters completely squashing them
- Nagy was arrested and excecuted and replaced with Kadar
list of hungarian leaders in 56
Rakoshi
Gero
Nagy
Kadar
Natos response to the hungarian uprising
they had sympathy but they did not attempt to inervene, their roll back plan was not reader to act in the USSRs sphere of influence ad it would risk involving nato and the warsaw pact
relationships in the late 1950s
- both kruschev and eisenhower despite ideological differences were actually very peaceful in coexistece
- there was intense pressure from the us military into more funding for nuclear weapons after sputnik, they feared there was a missile gap and the usa needed to rewin the arms race
- the usa wanted to spy to see the progress and eienhower agreed as he wanted to disprove that there was a missile gap between the two nations
- in 59 the two met in a summit and agreed to meet again in paris the following year
agenda of the paris summit
- Nuclear weapons and a test ban treaty which meant that less of the world would be made into radiactive areas
- berlin; the ussr was angry at the amount of east berliners moving west- brain drain
-cuba; after the recent uprising the usa feared having a communist country next door
missile gap
the idea that the ussr had overtaken the usa in the arms race
the u2 incident explained
in may 1960, 13 days before the paris summit, the ussr shot down a us plane piloted by gary powers
the us claimed that it was a weather plane but the ussr had found spy footage and knew it was a spy plane
consequences of the u2 incident
- the paris summit crumbled, kruchev did not get an apology out of eisenhower so stormed out
- berlin and cuba remained large sources of tension in the following years
- there had been no test ba treaty so nuclear weapons were still a great threat
- the usa had been embarrassed as clear liars and had lost their moral high ground
- relationships became even more stunted
