cold war 1961-72

Question 1

brinkmanship

Answer 1

the idea that a situation has to be pushed to its absolute worst in order for negotations for peace to occur

Question 2

hawks

Answer 2

americans who were pro brinkmanship and war

Question 3

doves

Answer 3

like eisenhower, wating peaceful neotiations

Question 4

events that lead to berlin wall

Answer 4

• the east german gov was unahppy with the west berlin and wanted krushcve to be harder on them, -kruschev decided east berlin should sign a tretay w ussr making it an official part without western involvement
  -this lead the east german gov in august 1961 to seal up their east berlin as part of the eastern bloc, first with wire andthen quickly with brick and guards

Question 5

reasons for the berlin wall

Answer 5

• in the 50s a lot of the people of west berlin had fled due to the harsh economic and political state of communism
• a lot fo the lost population weere the highly educated or skilled who knew their worth, bad to lose in society
• travel between was free and so east berliners could see the housing, goods and wealth of west berlin and capitalism freely
• the west could easily spy on the east through berlin as it was surrouded by the eastern bloc
• kruschev knew how he was losing the cold war and certainly berlins cold war, west berlin was easy to pressurise as it was surrounded by the east. was a way of evening out the war

Question 6

us response to the berlin wall

Answer 6

• checkpoint charlie
• the us would clearly not attack in the easter bloc ad risk a nuclear war as seen in the hungarian rev, there was no attempt at roll back
• in june 63 kennedy spoke in berlin and announced it was a symbol of freedom, it was clear the ussr could not push the west out of berlin

Question 7

checkpoint charlie gate

Answer 7

• once the ussr had sealed the berlin wall the us worked to see how far they could test the solviets
• foriegners were allowed to go in and out of the wall through an area called checkpoint charlie and they did so all the time
• in oct 61 at checkpoint charlie lots of red army tanks arrived and refused the us access, there was a tense 18 hour stand off but both sides backed down

Question 8

events of the cuban rev/ communism

Answer 8

• until 1959, cuba had been a right wing island supported by the us as their no.1 consumer of sugar and tabacco
• in 59 there was a great peoples revolution and fidele castro became the leader, not a communsit
• castro travelled to the us and yet eisenhower refused to speak to him. ijnstead in new york he found friendship and offers of support in the solviet embassy
• his friendship w kurshchev lead him to make cuba communist, he nationalised all us own businesses

Question 9

us response to cuba going com

Answer 9

• trade; they employed a trade embargo on cuba whre they stopped buying or selling them any goods. this backfired as the ussr jumped to buy their sugar and supply them with weapons and supplies
• bay of pigs invasion in 61

Question 10

events of the bay of pigs invasion

Answer 10

• the cia imported 1400 exiled cubans to the bay of pigs in south cuba in april 61
• their plan was to overthrow castro and start an anti communist revolution
• at the very last moment kennedy withdrew the us airforces that were supposed to aid the coup
• with no backing all invaders were killed by the 20k+ cuban troops
• this made kennedy seem agressuve but alos very weak, made him less likely to back out of confrontation again

Question 11

discovery by the us in cuba in 62

Answer 11

• a spy plane over cuba captured pciture of a ussr missile base being constructed with missiles ready to fire a week after
• another plane found 20 ussr boats heading to cuba with missiles

Question 12

threat of the cuban missiles

Answer 12

cuba was directly off the coast of florida, the missiles were in range of all majour us cities and risked the life of 80 million americans

Question 13

reasons for the ussr moving missiles to cuba

Answer 13

• domestically krushchev wanted to prove to the ussrs gov he was hard on the us and was a threat in the war
• it evened the missile gap, the us had missiles in turkey poitning at the ussr
• it was a tool of threat for negotiations with the us over berlin
• protects cuba, means he can retain a communist country in the uses backyard ad prevents more bay of pigs like attackd

Question 14

kennedys options for cuba

Answer 14

ignore missiles
involve the un
blockade
invade

Question 15

kennedys actions towards cuban missiles

Answer 15

he decides to blockade cuba from any ships entering and buys himself time for negotiations with the ussr

Question 16

date of the cuban missile crisis

Answer 16

22-28 october 1962

Question 17

events from the 22-25 oct

Answer 17

22- kennedys blockade stops all ships
23- lruschev writes the ships will ignore blockade
24- despite his warning all ships tur back instead of face us navy
25- reports from spys anounce missiles are still being dveloped

Question 18

events from 26-28 oct

Answer 18

26- krushchev sends a first letter which promises to remove sites if the us stops blockade and promises not to invade cuba
27- krushchev changes idea in a second letter and promises to remove missiles only if us removes theirs in turkey. kennedy agrees to the first ones terms and then privately agrees upon umber two
28- krushcv agrees to remove his missiles in cuba

Question 19

consequences of the cuban missile crisis

Answer 19

• victory for both sides
• kennedy stuck to his hawk promise of being tougher on the ussr and kept missiles out of cuba
• krushcv got rid of missiles in turkey and kept cuba communist
• both realised the proximity to a nuclear war and became more recepitble to the 63 test ban treaty and in the longer term the late 60s SALT talks

Question 20

SOCIALISM WITH A MODERN FACE explained

Answer 20

czech was a com country that wanted to remain socialist, however they wanted less censorship, more rights for farmers and trade and less russian control

Question 21

causes of the prauge spring

Answer 21

• novotny was a hard line unpopular communist
• he heavily censored press and freedom
• czech economy was weak and largely cotrolled by russan- all farms had to follow the ussr control
• they felt the usas roll back policy would defend them

Question 22

events of the czech rev (ish)

Answer 22

• in 67 students began to heavily peacefully protest against novotny
• he was removed in early 68 and dubcek put in his place
• he announces his policy of ‘solicialism w a human face’
• ussr began to worry: they were welcoming non warsaw pack country leader tito ito the cocuntry and allowing non com parties in a democratic vote

Question 23

the brezhnev doctrine

Answer 23

all countries in the eastern bloc must remain communist even if it meant another world war

Question 24

events of the prauge spring- later bit

Answer 24

• in august 68 brezhnev sent in 500k warsaw pact troops to prauge
• chzech could not defend themselves and so acted peacefully
• dubcek was arrested and sent to moscow
• he was replaced with a hard line com leader in hasah

Question 25

us involvement in prauge spring

Answer 25

just as in the 56 hungarian uprising, they did not attempt roll back as feeling that affairs in the eastern bloc were too risky and no ttheir issuse

Question 26

evidence of detente in the 70s

Answer 26

• both sides were aware of the economic toil of nuclear weapons and started putting more into the country and people
• the usa was incredibly shaken by the viet war ad were looking to isolate themselves from international affairs
• in 72 a ping pong team and then nixon himself visited china, a communist country and offerd them a spot in the un. realtions between usa and china had soured and made the ussr anxious to befriend the usa
• in the same year nixon visited the ussr, iconically shook hands with brezhnev and signed the salt treaties which limited the amount of balistic missiles a country could have