Laflamme- Chapter 1 (Cardiac Diagnostic Assessment) Flashcards
What are three physical exam findings of FH?
- Arcus Senilus
- Tendinous Xanthomas (extensor tendons, MCP, Achilles)
- Xanthelasma
What are 2 physical exam findings of Familial Hypertriglyceridemia?
- Eruptive Xanthomas
- Lipemia Retinalis
What are two characteristic physical exam findings of Dysbetalipoproteinemia?
- Tuberous Xanthomas (elbow, knees)
- Palmar Xanthomas
Name 10 causes of wide pulse pressure?
- Age
- HTN
- AR
- PDA
- Fever
- Anemia
- Pregnancy
- AV fistula
- Paget’s disease
- Hyperthyroidism
Name 6 causes of SPB difference of 10mmhg between both arms
- Normal variant
- PAD
- Inflammatory Vascular disease
- Supravalvular aortic stenosis
- Aortic coarctation
- Aortic dissection
Name three caused of BP difference between the arms and legs > 20mmhg
- Aortic regurgitation
- Aortic coarctation
- PAD
What are the 4 phases of the Valsalva response?
- Increased BP from increased intrathoracic pressure
- Decreased venous return -> decreased BP -> Increased SVR and reflex tachycardia
- Release: Decreased BP
- Overshoot: Increased venous return, increased BP -> decreased SVR and reflex bradycardia
What do you see in JVP with Constriction?
Predominant y descent (W or M pattern)
Normal x descent
Distended
Kussmaul sign
What are 6 causes for Kussmauls?
- Constriction
- RCM
- RV infarct
- RV failure
- PE
- Tricuspid stenosis
- RA tumor
What is a positive AJR?
-Sustained increase in JVP > 3 cm over 15 seconds with 25mmhg compression; this reflects RHF and wedge pressure > 15mmhg
What would be the cause of a pulsation in the 2nd right ICS?
Ascending Aortic Aneurysm
What would be the cause of a pulsation in the left second ICS?
PA dilatation
What are two causes of increased intensity of S1?
- Any Hyperdynamic state
- Early Rheumatic RS
What are three causes of Variable intensity S1?
- Atrial Fibrillation
- AV dissociation
- Cardiac Tamponade
What are 3 causes of a split S1?
- RBBB
- ASD
- Ebsteins
What are 4 causes of widened split s2?
- RBBB
- Severe MR
- VSD
- RVOT obstruction
What are 6 causes of paradoxical splitting?
- LBBB
- RV PPM
- AS
- HCM
- LV systolic dysfunction
- Aortic Regurgitation
What are three causes of singular S2?
- Aortic Stenosis
- Pulmonic Stenosis
- TGA
How do you tell that P2 is loud?
-It’s louder than A2 in left ICS
What are three causes of holosystolic murmur?
- MR
- TR
- Restrictive VSD
Name 12 causes of continuous murmur
- PDA
- Aortopulmonary window
- Coronary AV fistula
- Ruptured aneursym of the sinus of Valsalva
- Neck venous hum
- Mammary murmur of Pregnancy
- Stenosis of Peripheral branch of PA
- Lutembacher’s syndrome: MS + ASD
- Coarctation with intercosta collateral vessels
- Pulmonary or systemic AV fistula
- Bronchial collateral vessels
What is characteristic for Arm lead reversal?
-P and QRS and T wave inverted in 1 and aVL but not in V6
What is Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome?
-Atrio-His accessory pathway that short ciscuits the AV node, narrow QRS
What are 6 causes of RAD?
- RVH
- LPFB
- Secundum ASD
- COPD
- PE
- Lateral Infarct
What are 6 causes of LAD?
- LVH
- Primum ASD
- LAFB
- Pregnancy
- Ascites
- Inferior Infarct
What are the 5 criteria for LAHB?
LAD -45 to -90 msec qR in 1 and aVL rS in III and aVF QRS < 120msec R wave peak time in aVL > 45msec (not valid in LVH, COPD or inferior infarct)
What are 4 criteria for LPFB?
RAD
rS in 1, aVL
qR in inferior leads
QRS < 120 msec
(not valid in lateral infarct, RVH, COPD, Dextrocardia, Limb lead reversal)
What are the 5 criteria for LBBB?
- QRS > 120msec
- Wide monophasic R wave in lateral precordial leads, aVL, 1
- Absence of septal Q waves
- R wave peak time >60 msec
- ST and T wave in opposite directions
What is Sgarbossa criteria?
- ST Elevation >1mm in leads with positive QRS
- ST depression >1mm in V1-V3
- ST elevation >5mm in leads with negative QRS (extreme discordance)