LAB FINAL Flashcards
1
Q
Scientific measurements require the use of a standard system of units call the ___
A
International System of Units (SI)
2
Q
A metric system based on multiples of 10, where each successive unit is 1/10th of the previous larger unit and 10 times smaller than the next smaller unit. What metric system am I referring to?
A
International System of Units (SI)
3
Q
What is the order from smallest to largest of the units that measure length, width, etc?( meters)
A
Micrometer
Millimeter
Centimeter
Meter
Kilometer
4
Q
How many micrometers make up one millimeter?
A
1000 micrometers =1 millimeter
5
Q
How many millimeters make up 1 centimeter?
A
10 millimeters=1 cm
6
Q
How many centimeters make up one meter?
A
100 cm = 1 meter
7
Q
How many meters make up one kilometer?
A
1000 meters = 1 km
8
Q
How many millimeters are in 2.5 meters?
A
2,500 millimeters
9
Q
What is the value of a micrometer, micrometer, or microgram?
A
0.000001 m, L, g
10
Q
What is the of a cubic centimeter?
A
0.001
11
Q
What is the value of a millimeter, milligram, or milliliter?
A
0.001 m, L, g
12
Q
What is the value of a centimeter?
A
0.01
13
Q
What is the value of meter, liter, or gram?
A
1 m, L, g
14
Q
What is the value of a kilogram or kilometer?
A
1000 g or m
15
Q
What is the value of a metric ton?
A
1000000 g
16
Q
What is a shortcut to convert the base of a unit to a mili-something?
A
by moving the decimal 3 places to the right
17
Q
What is a shortcut to convert the base of a unit to a micro-something?
A
by moving the decimal 6 places to the right
18
Q
What is the base unit of length, width, or height?
A
Meters
19
Q
What is the base unit to measure mass?
A
gram
20
Q
What is the base unit to measure volume?
A
Liter
21
Q
GO BACK TO pg 25
A
22
Q
What term refers to how closely a measurement agrees with a true or accepted value
A
Accuracy
23
Q
What terms refers to how closely repeated measurements are to each other, and there is therefore a measure of reproducibility
A
Precision
24
Q
What unit of measure are long lengths measured in?
A
Kilometers
25
What unit of measure are short lengths measured in?
Centimeters or millimeters
26
T/F- A unit of measure smaller than a millimeter and used to measure very small to microscopic items is measured in micrometers or microns
True
27
What are some examples of instruments used to measure length?
Measuring tape
Measuring wheel
28
A standard measurement of tree diameter that can be used to estimate volume, biomass, and carbon storage is known as
DBH standard
29
What does it mean to tare the balance before weighing something?
zero it out
30
What instrument do you use to measure mass?
Balance
31
What instrument do you use to measure volume?
Graduated cylinder and pipets
32
The curve at the surface of of a liquid is known as
Meniscus
33
T/F- To accurately measure the volume of a liquid, read the BOTTOM of the meniscus at eye level
True
34
T/F- Beakers and flasks have volume markings, but they are not accurate
True
35
The preferred way to measure liquids when aiming for accuracy is to use
graduated cylinders and pipets
36
How do you convert celsius temp to fahrenheit?
(9/5 X C) + 32
37
How do you convert fahrenheit temperatures into celsius?
5/9 X (F-32)
38
A step-by-step procedure, which uses observations and experiments to find an answer to a question or solve a problem is known as the
Scientific Method
39
What are the 7 steps of the scientific method?
Observation
Question
Literature Review
Hypothesis
Prediction
Experiment
Results
40
This step of the scientific method involves observing a phenomenon, an aspect of an organism, or the discovery of a problem
Observation
41
What's formed or posed after the observation?
Question
42
What is it called to see if a question has already been asked and to gather more information about the topic
Literature Review
43
A potential explanation to the question. It is usually based on information that is already known.
Hypothesis
44
What is known as a result that will occur if the hypothesis is correct
Prediction
45
What is designed and conducted to test the hypothesis
Experiment
46
The factor that is changed or manipulated by the experimenter
Independent Variable
47
The factor that is observed, measured, or affected is known as
Dependent Variable
48
Factors of the experiment that are kept the same for all groups
Controlled Variable
49
A variable that is measured quantitatively and uses a logical order of numbers
Continuous Variable
50
What variable is measured quantitatively and uses categories or an unordered set of numbers
Discrete Variable
51
The group treated with the independent variable is known as the
Experimental Group
52
The group treated with the independent variable standardized is known as
Control Group
53
T/F- the greater number of samples the more accurate the results
True
54
What data graph is used to collect raw data during an experiment or for summarizing and presenting final data in a report
Table
55
What type of graph shows the relationship between variables in an experiment?
Line Graph
56
What type of graph is used to compare data and identify trends
Bar Graph
57
Which graph has different bars represent a range of independent variable values rather than just a single value
Histogram
58
If a hypothesis remains accepted after many experiments and scientists then it may be called a
Theory
59
come back to page 66
60
What are the seven parts of a scientific paper
Title
Authors
Keywords
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
61
A one sentence description of the content of the paper
Title
62
The scientists that contributed most to the research will be listed as the
Authors
63
Specific words or descriptions that describe the paper that are assigned by the author and listed here are known as
Keywords
64
A one paragraph summary of the most important information of the entire study
Abstract
65
This term serves to provide enough background information to understand the study and to explain the need for and importance of the study
Introduction
66
This section describes exactly what and how experiments were performed to answer the question stated in the introduction
Materials and Methods
67
This section summarizes what was found and presents data in tables and figures
Results
68
Some plants produce and release chemicals into the environment of neighboring plants this plant interaction is known as
Allelopathy
69
The chemicals involved in allelopathy are also known as compounds that are not directly involved in primary plant functions, like growth and reproduction, so they are called secondary compounds as well. What is the term of these secondary compounds?
Alleochemicals
70
T/F- Aromatic plants produce volatile secondary compounds called essential oils that give plants their flavor and fragrance
True
71
Essential oils may function to deter feeding by herbivores, prevent infection by pathogens, attract pollinating insects, or inhibit the growth of competing plants
Just know
72
How can allelochemicals be released into the environment?
through emission of volatiles, root exudation,
microbial decomposition of leaf litter
leaching from leaves
73
The most well-know example of allelopathy involves what type of tree?
Black Walnut Tree
74
A compound present in the black walnut trees leaves, root, steams and fruit hulls, when released into the air or soil becomes what allelochemcal?
Juglone
75
What term is highly toxic to many growing plants and it inhibits seed germination
Juglone
76
Allelochemicals play important roles in plant communities by
reducing competition for resources with neighboring plants (which affect plant distribution and diversity in an ecosystem)
deter feeding by herbivores to protect plants from pathogens or parasites
77
What are the three types of plant secondary compounds?
Alkaloids
Terpenes
Phenols
78
A good example of which secondary compound is a caffeine, a stimulant found in several plants like coffee, tea, and chocolate
Alkaloids
79
What secondary compound is defined as a alkaline nitrogen-containing compound that are toxic to other organisms and often have pharmacological effects
Alkaloids
80
T/F- Caffeine in coffee seedlings have been shown to inhibit the germination of other seeds and be lethal to insects
True
81
Which secondary compound is one of the largest and most varied groups of plant chemicals and include many of the essential oils
Terpenes
82
T/F- Terpenes has THC and that serves to the protect plant from herbivore damage
True
83
T/F- Terpenes is found in catnip
True
84
A class of compounds that contain a hydroxyl group bonded to an aromatic benzene ring
Phenols
85
The practice of creating environmentally and people-friendly buildings
Green Building
86
What term is the ability of a practice to use resources that meet present and future human requirements without harming the environment
Sustainability
87
How is LEED certification obtained?
a building project earns credits that address: carbon, energy, water, waste, transportation, materials, health, and indoor environmental quality
88
How do you calculate energy composition?
This is the Energy use
Annual Energy use
Annual Cost
89
How do you calculate energy use?
kWH= (avg energy use(W) X hours of bulbs use) / 1000
90
How do you calculate annual energy use?
kWh per year= kWh X hours per day X days per year
91
How do you calculate annual cost?
Cost per year= kWh per year X cost per kWh
92
How do you calculate the cost of different costs lighting?
(energy use) kWH= (avg energy use(W) X hours of bulbs use) / 1000
(annual energy use) kWh per year= kWh X hours per day X days per year
Cost per year= kWh per year X cost per kWh
See formula above and use for each type of bulb
93
What are the features and functions of a LEED- certified building?
94
What are the advantages of a green building?
Energy efficiencies; water conservation, improved indoor air quality, reduced environmental impact, higher property value, long-term cost saving
95
How can you reduce your impact on the environment?
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle;
Conserve Energy
Conserve Water
Sustainable Transportation
Minimize Single-use Plastics
96
What is the importance of environmentally sustainable practices?
opinion
97
What are the present recommendations on minimizing a building's environmental impact
opinion based
98
What was the purpose of testing essential oils in the lab?
To see how plants react in certain environments
99
What are the disadvantages of using allelochemicals as bioherbicides?
They can inhibit the growth of desirable plants along with weeds, and this can lead to the damage of other plants
May not be as readily availability for farmers
Repeated use of allelochemicals-based bioherbicides could lead to the development of resistance in species of weeds
100
Plants compete for resources including nutrients, light, water, space, and pollinators this is known as
Plant Competition
101
Compounds that are not directly involved in primary plant functions, like growth and reproduction, so they are called secondary compounds
Allelochemicals
102
What term may function to deter feeding by herbivores, prevent, infection by pathogens, attract pollinating insects, or inhibit the growth of competing plants
Essential Oils
103
What is the SI unit for temperature
Kelvin
104
How do you calculate DBH?
Circumference divided by 3.14
105
What does sunscreen lotion do?
Protection from UV rays administered by the sun
106
What does 1 meter = in inches?
39.37 in
107
What does 1 inch = in centimeters
2.54 cm
108
What is 1 foot in meters?
0.3048 meters
109
what is 1 mile = to in kilometers
1.609
110
What is 1 kilogram in pounds?
2.2046 pounds
111
What is 1 pound in kilograms?
0.4536
112
What is 1 ounce in grams
28.35 grams
113
What is 1 L in fluid ounces?
33.814 fl oz
114
What is 1 gallon in L
3.785 L
115
A plant, animal, or microorganism that is not native to an area is known as
Introduced Species
116
Introduced species that cause economic, environmental, or ecological damage is known as
Invasive Species
117
What are the 4 methods used to control invasive species?
Mechanical control
Chemical control
Biological control
118
The physical removal of invasive species by hunting, trapping, or burning, mowing, or hand pulling plants is known as
Mechanical Control
119
The use of pesticides to kill and prevent the spread of invasive species is known as
Chemical control
120
When natural enemies are released to control invasive species this is known as a
Biological Control
121
What are some environmental impacts of invasive species
Damage to agricultural crops
Habitat alteration or loss
reduction of native species
122
What are some economic impacts of invasive species
introduction of human or animal pathogens
decreased use of natural resources
123
Biological control agents or beneficials can also be described as
Natural enemies
124
T/F- Natural enemies include predators, parasites, or pathogens
True
125
What type of species is usually brought over from other regions in order to help control an out of control species in an area
natural enemies
126
any chemical substance used to kill or prevent the growth of an unwanted or harmful organism is known as
Pesticide
127
What are some of the advantages of biological control?
it is an effective way to control the population of some pests when a natural enemy is introduced
128
What are some of the disadvantages of a biological control?
The introduced species can now become invasive when it was initially brought in to stabilize another population
129
What are colorless, soil-dwelling parasitic roundworms that infect insects are known as
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN)
130
How are entomopathogenic nematodes used to control invasive species?
They infect a host and release bacterium that kills the insect within 24-48 hrs because of they ability to kill quickly they are great for biological control agents
131
What are some of the different types of pesticide?
Inorganic
Botanicals
Microbial
132
A pesticide that is generally minerals that are mined from the earth and ground into a powder for use
Inorganic Pesticide
133
What type of pesticide uses the following:
Boric acid used used to control used in the control of termites, ants, and cockroaches;
silica gels used against roaches and bed bugs
Inorganic
134
Pesticides that are extracted from plants, such as pyrethrum from chrysanthemum flowers used to control mosquitoes, flies, and moths, neem oils from neem tree seeds for aphids and mealybugs, and limonene from citrus fruit peels for roaches and ant control is known as
Botanical Pesticide
135
What type of pesticide consist of a microorganism ( virus, bacterium, fungus) or their by products is known as
Microbials Pesticide
136
What are some examples of how microbial are used
Bt is used to control mosquitoes and moths
137
T/F- Microbial pesticides can also be considered as biological controls
True
138
T/F- 2.5 billon dollars of damage annually from wood-boring insects in the US
True
139
What is an example of a biological control we learned from class?
Asian Lady Beetle was brought from Asia to control the aphids population
140
What is an example of an invasive species we have studied in class?
Asian Lady Beetle became a nuisance because they are decreasing the population of native lady beetles
141
The pesticide that enter the pest during the feeding through their mouthparts and digestive system and cause death by poisoning is known as
Stomach Poisons
142
What type of poison enters the pest through the integument(skin) and cause death by poisoning is known as
Contact Poisons
143
What type of poisons that are absorbed by a host insect or plant and get distributed throughout its tissues is known as
Systematic Poisons
144
A type of insecticide that abrade the thin waxy cuticle of the insect exoskeleton (like sandpaper), causing loss of body fluids and death by dehydration is known as
Desiccants
145
What can be described as a white powder composed of the fossilized remains of diatoms skeletons
Diatomaceous earth (DE)
146
How is diatomaceous earth used as a biological control
They are used in the structures or on crops to control insects
147
BE ABLE TO LABLE A MICROSCOPE
COMPOUND AND DISSECTING
Take a quiz or play a game online to label will def be on the final
148
A type of microscope that is a light microscope that has two sets of lenses and is used for the observation of small specimens or sections of specimens that are mounted on slides are known as
Compound Microscope
149
A type of light microscope that is used for the observation or manipulation of larger or whole specimens at low magnification is known as
Dissecting Microscope
150
What is used to examine structure by scanning the specimen with a beam of electrons
Scanning electron microscope
151
What is used to examine inner structure by passing electrons through a section of the specimen is known as
Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
152
The examination and study of very small specimens or parts of specimens using a microscope is known as
Microscopy
153
What term can be defined as how much bigger a specimen appears compared to its actual size is known as
Magnification
154
What is the formula for total magnification
Total Magnification= objective lens magnification * ocular lens magnification
155
The area of the image you see through the oculars is known as the
Field of View
156
a photograph or digital image taken through a microscope or similar device to show a magnified object is known as a
Photomicrograph
157
How do you properly put away a microscope?
1) Remove slide from stage
2) Rinse slides with deionized water and return to a predetermined area
3) Clean the stage and lenses by using a bulb duster to blow away dust or debris, use lens paper with lens cleaner solution to remove fingerprints and dirt from lenses
4) Ensure the microscope is placed over the lowest power objective
5) ensure the stage is at its lowest position
6) Wrap the cord around the arm
7) Carry with 2 hands to cabinet
158
A temporary slide where the specimen is mounted in a liquid, such as water, and covered with a coverslip is known as a
Wet Mount
159
What are the steps to prepare a wet mount?
1) Obtain a clear glass slide
2) Using a transfer pipet, place 1 drop of suspension onto the center of the slide
3) Hold a clean cover slip by its edges, and remove the paper backing and angle it at the edge
4) slowly lower the coverslip while forcing air bubbles out of suspension
160
T/F-Contaminated water is the leading cause of disease in the world and results in 2 million deaths annually
True
161
What are some uses of freshwater other than for human consumption
Recreation
Fishing (lakes and ponds)
Power
162
Disease causing organisms like bacteria, viruses, protozoa are known as
Pathogens
163
What do you call a population of bacterial cells that arose from a single bacterium?
Bacterial Colony
164
Why are coliform used as an indicator of water quality?
Because they are a group of relatively harmless rod-shaped bacteria that indicate the presence of more harmful microorganisms
165
What is the allowable number of E. coli colonies per 100ml of drinking water?
0 (zero)
166
How can water resources become contaminated by point source pollution?
Manufacturing or water treatment plants
Farms
Animal Feed Corporations
167
How can water resources become contaminated by nonpoint source pollution?
Septic Tanks Overflowing
Fertilizer Runoff
Agricultural Land
Chemical Spills
168
How do you calculate the number of colony forming units (CFUs)/ 1mL?
mean # colonies
DIVIDED BY
amount of sample used
169
How do you calculate CFUs per 100mL?
mean # of colonies *100
DIVIDED BY
amount of sample used
170
What purification methods were tested in the lab to check their effectiveness on water purification?
Untreated
UV sterilization
Chemical Sterilization
Filtered Sterilization
171
Which purification method was most effective in the lab?
Chemical Sterilization
172
How is the Coliscan medium used to see coliform presence
The medium contains a sugar linked to pink or blue dye and is able to show microorganisms in the water by changing the color of the specimen to highlight which organism is in the sample
173
An enzyme that is involved in the hydrolytic breakdown of galactoside is known as
Galactosidase
174
An enzyme that hydrolyzes a glucuronide especially on that occurs widely in the liver or spleen is known as
Glucuronidase
175
When coliform is added to water, what color will be detected if E. coli is present?
Blue/ Purple
176
When coliform is added to water, what color will be detected if other coliforms are present?
Pink/Red
177
The study of the interactions between organisms and their physical environment is known as
Ecology
178
The nonliving components which include water, light, soil, nutrients, and weather is known as what factor
Abiotic factor
179
The living components of an ecosystem is known as a
Biotic Factor
180
181
What abiotic component was evaluated in the lab?
The water of Lake Ruby
182
What units were used to measure the the water quality of Lake Ruby?
Temperature
pH level
Dissolved Oxygen
Electrical Conductivity
nitrate
phosphate
183
How was the water evaluated to determine the health of Lake Ruby?
We tested the units ourselves and then compared it the data of what a healthy lake had measured
184
How does the trophic structure determine the health of a water habitat?
If the pyramid is unbalanced, the ecosystem will be deemed unhealthy. This happens if the water quality is altered in any way
185
An organism capable of making its own foods is known asa
autotroph
186
An organism that relies on other organisms for food is known as a
Heterotroph
187
When chemicals are introduced into a lake/pond in turn creating an excess of nutrients in the body of water is known as
Eutrophication
188
When the surplus nutrients like phosphates and nitrates cause a rapid increase in algal growth this process is known as an
Algal Bloom
189
The transfer of energy between trophic levels is known as a
Food Chain
190
Several interconnected food chains form a more complex what?
Food Web
191
This structure is known as the feeding relationship of an ecosystem that can be represented by as a pyramid and can be a good indicator of the health an ecosystem is known as
Trophic Structure
192
Feedings levels in a food chain is known as
Trophic Levels
193
An autotrophic organism that, through photosynthesis, converts the Sun's energy into food this is known as
Producer
194
Heterotrophic organisms that acquire their food by eating producers or other animals is known as a
Consumer
195
When an animal feeds directly on producers and are known as primary consumers this type of animal can be described as an
Herbivore
196
This type of animal feeds on other animals and can be considered as a secondary consumer is known as a
Carnivore
197
When an animal feeds on both producers and consumers this animal is known as a
Omnivore
198
These types of organisms are known to break down non-living organic matter into inorganic matter an example of these organisms are bacteria, fungi, and millipedes
Decomposers and Detrivores
199
What biotic components were observed to determine the health of the water habit under study?
Plants, macroinvertebrates, and plankton
200
finish water aquatic info
201
The study of changes in the size and composition of populations and the factors that cause those changes is known as
Population Ecology
202
According to the logistic growth model, if the carrying capacity of a species is equal to its population size at a given time, what is the growth rate of that population?
The population will not grow
203
What notation represents the "Instantaneous Change change" in population size with respect to time.
dN/dt
204
The max number of individuals of a species that the environment can support at any given time is known as the
Carrying Capacity
205
What is the pattern of predator-prey population cycles?
As time goes on, the predators decrease the number of prey by eating them. As the prey decreases, the predator population will also start to decrease due to lack of food sources, which in return will start to increase the prey
206
Do moose have greater fat stores with wolves absent or present?
Present
207
The kind of growth in which a population becomes progressively larger each breeding cycle; produces a J curve when plotted over time and assumes all necessary resources are available for use
Exponential Growth
208
The kind of growth in which population size increases rapidly at first but then slows down to a stop as the population becomes larger because the carrying capacity has been reached
Logistic Growth
209
What happens when the population size (n) approaches the carrying capacity (K)
The population stops growing and stabilizes
210
What animal first made their way to Isle Royale, how did they get there, and what did they find there?
Moose
They swam
an abundance of food
211
What was the Moose carrying capacity when there were no wolves? Was it logistic or exponential?
Exponential Growth
212
What animals populated Isle Royale after the moose, how did they reach the island, and how did this affect the moose population?
Wolves
Brought over by humans
Moose population declined rapidly which the wolf population grew rapidly
213
How can moose dramatically affect the composition of the vegetation community in their habitat?
The moose didn't have a predator so they were producing at an exponential rate and eating up all of the vegetation on the island with nothing to stop the growth of the species
214
Explain how a recently introduced species may overshoot the carrying capacity before the population stabilizes.
The introduced resource will have an abundance of food first. But as the moose population declines, and the wolf pop increases the wolves will now have to compete for survival which ultimately will lower the wolf population as well
215
What are some density dependent limiting factors?
Competition between predators
Predation
216
What are some density independent limiting factors?
Hurricanes
Pollutants
Climate Change
217
How does climate change affect population growth?
This will lead to longer growing seasons in the spring and summer and can result in an increase in the moose population followed by an increase in the wolf population until the carrying capacity is reached
218
What are some examples of lab tools
Measuring tape, measuring wheel, balances, thermometers, vortex, forceps, serological pipets, pumps, fixed volume pipettes, pipet tips, transfer pipets, graduate cylinders, rulers
219
219
What are some meters and units used throughout the lab?
UV meter, power meter, dissolved oxygen meter, pH meter, conductivity meter
220
How do you set up a nitrate test?
221
How do you set up a phosphate test?
222
How might increased yearly temperature affect animal or plant populations or local ecological communities?
It can destroy vegetation in the area and be depleted of a food source which in turn can kill off the moose and if all the moose are the dead the wolves will soon die off without another food source
