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LAB FINAL Flashcards

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1
Q

Scientific measurements require the use of a standard system of units call the ___

A

International System of Units (SI)

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2
Q

A metric system based on multiples of 10, where each successive unit is 1/10th of the previous larger unit and 10 times smaller than the next smaller unit. What metric system am I referring to?

A

International System of Units (SI)

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3
Q

What is the order from smallest to largest of the units that measure length, width, etc?( meters)

A

Micrometer
Millimeter
Centimeter
Meter
Kilometer

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4
Q

How many micrometers make up one millimeter?

A

1000 micrometers =1 millimeter

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5
Q

How many millimeters make up 1 centimeter?

A

10 millimeters=1 cm

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6
Q

How many centimeters make up one meter?

A

100 cm = 1 meter

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7
Q

How many meters make up one kilometer?

A

1000 meters = 1 km

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8
Q

How many millimeters are in 2.5 meters?

A

2,500 millimeters

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9
Q

What is the value of a micrometer, micrometer, or microgram?

A

0.000001 m, L, g

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10
Q

What is the of a cubic centimeter?

A

0.001

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11
Q

What is the value of a millimeter, milligram, or milliliter?

A

0.001 m, L, g

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12
Q

What is the value of a centimeter?

A

0.01

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13
Q

What is the value of meter, liter, or gram?

A

1 m, L, g

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14
Q

What is the value of a kilogram or kilometer?

A

1000 g or m

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15
Q

What is the value of a metric ton?

A

1000000 g

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16
Q

What is a shortcut to convert the base of a unit to a mili-something?

A

by moving the decimal 3 places to the right

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17
Q

What is a shortcut to convert the base of a unit to a micro-something?

A

by moving the decimal 6 places to the right

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18
Q

What is the base unit of length, width, or height?

A

Meters

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19
Q

What is the base unit to measure mass?

A

gram

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20
Q

What is the base unit to measure volume?

A

Liter

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21
Q

GO BACK TO pg 25

A
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22
Q

What term refers to how closely a measurement agrees with a true or accepted value

A

Accuracy

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23
Q

What terms refers to how closely repeated measurements are to each other, and there is therefore a measure of reproducibility

A

Precision

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24
Q

What unit of measure are long lengths measured in?

A

Kilometers

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25
Q

What unit of measure are short lengths measured in?

A

Centimeters or millimeters

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26
Q

T/F- A unit of measure smaller than a millimeter and used to measure very small to microscopic items is measured in micrometers or microns

A

True

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27
Q

What are some examples of instruments used to measure length?

A

Measuring tape
Measuring wheel

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28
Q

A standard measurement of tree diameter that can be used to estimate volume, biomass, and carbon storage is known as

A

DBH standard

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29
Q

What does it mean to tare the balance before weighing something?

A

zero it out

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30
Q

What instrument do you use to measure mass?

A

Balance

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31
Q

What instrument do you use to measure volume?

A

Graduated cylinder and pipets

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32
Q

The curve at the surface of of a liquid is known as

A

Meniscus

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33
Q

T/F- To accurately measure the volume of a liquid, read the BOTTOM of the meniscus at eye level

A

True

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34
Q

T/F- Beakers and flasks have volume markings, but they are not accurate

A

True

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35
Q

The preferred way to measure liquids when aiming for accuracy is to use

A

graduated cylinders and pipets

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36
Q

How do you convert celsius temp to fahrenheit?

A

(9/5 X C) + 32

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37
Q

How do you convert fahrenheit temperatures into celsius?

A

5/9 X (F-32)

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38
Q

A step-by-step procedure, which uses observations and experiments to find an answer to a question or solve a problem is known as the

A

Scientific Method

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39
Q

What are the 7 steps of the scientific method?

A

Observation
Question
Literature Review
Hypothesis
Prediction
Experiment
Results

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40
Q

This step of the scientific method involves observing a phenomenon, an aspect of an organism, or the discovery of a problem

A

Observation

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41
Q

What’s formed or posed after the observation?

A

Question

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42
Q

What is it called to see if a question has already been asked and to gather more information about the topic

A

Literature Review

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43
Q

A potential explanation to the question. It is usually based on information that is already known.

A

Hypothesis

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44
Q

What is known as a result that will occur if the hypothesis is correct

A

Prediction

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45
Q

What is designed and conducted to test the hypothesis

A

Experiment

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46
Q

The factor that is changed or manipulated by the experimenter

A

Independent Variable

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47
Q

The factor that is observed, measured, or affected is known as

A

Dependent Variable

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48
Q

Factors of the experiment that are kept the same for all groups

A

Controlled Variable

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49
Q

A variable that is measured quantitatively and uses a logical order of numbers

A

Continuous Variable

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50
Q

What variable is measured quantitatively and uses categories or an unordered set of numbers

A

Discrete Variable

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51
Q

The group treated with the independent variable is known as the

A

Experimental Group

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52
Q

The group treated with the independent variable standardized is known as

A

Control Group

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53
Q

T/F- the greater number of samples the more accurate the results

A

True

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54
Q

What data graph is used to collect raw data during an experiment or for summarizing and presenting final data in a report

A

Table

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55
Q

What type of graph shows the relationship between variables in an experiment?

A

Line Graph

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56
Q

What type of graph is used to compare data and identify trends

A

Bar Graph

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57
Q

Which graph has different bars represent a range of independent variable values rather than just a single value

A

Histogram

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58
Q

If a hypothesis remains accepted after many experiments and scientists then it may be called a

A

Theory

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59
Q

come back to page 66

A
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60
Q

What are the seven parts of a scientific paper

A

Title
Authors
Keywords
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results

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61
Q

A one sentence description of the content of the paper

A

Title

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62
Q

The scientists that contributed most to the research will be listed as the

A

Authors

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63
Q

Specific words or descriptions that describe the paper that are assigned by the author and listed here are known as

A

Keywords

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64
Q

A one paragraph summary of the most important information of the entire study

A

Abstract

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65
Q

This term serves to provide enough background information to understand the study and to explain the need for and importance of the study

A

Introduction

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66
Q

This section describes exactly what and how experiments were performed to answer the question stated in the introduction

A

Materials and Methods

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67
Q

This section summarizes what was found and presents data in tables and figures

A

Results

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68
Q

Some plants produce and release chemicals into the environment of neighboring plants this plant interaction is known as

A

Allelopathy

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69
Q

The chemicals involved in allelopathy are also known as compounds that are not directly involved in primary plant functions, like growth and reproduction, so they are called secondary compounds as well. What is the term of these secondary compounds?

A

Alleochemicals

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70
Q

T/F- Aromatic plants produce volatile secondary compounds called essential oils that give plants their flavor and fragrance

A

True

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71
Q

Essential oils may function to deter feeding by herbivores, prevent infection by pathogens, attract pollinating insects, or inhibit the growth of competing plants

A

Just know

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72
Q

How can allelochemicals be released into the environment?

A

through emission of volatiles, root exudation,
microbial decomposition of leaf litter
leaching from leaves

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73
Q

The most well-know example of allelopathy involves what type of tree?

A

Black Walnut Tree

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74
Q

A compound present in the black walnut trees leaves, root, steams and fruit hulls, when released into the air or soil becomes what allelochemcal?

A

Juglone

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75
Q

What term is highly toxic to many growing plants and it inhibits seed germination

A

Juglone

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76
Q

Allelochemicals play important roles in plant communities by

A

reducing competition for resources with neighboring plants (which affect plant distribution and diversity in an ecosystem)

deter feeding by herbivores to protect plants from pathogens or parasites

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77
Q

What are the three types of plant secondary compounds?

A

Alkaloids
Terpenes
Phenols

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78
Q

A good example of which secondary compound is a caffeine, a stimulant found in several plants like coffee, tea, and chocolate

A

Alkaloids

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79
Q

What secondary compound is defined as a alkaline nitrogen-containing compound that are toxic to other organisms and often have pharmacological effects

A

Alkaloids

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80
Q

T/F- Caffeine in coffee seedlings have been shown to inhibit the germination of other seeds and be lethal to insects

A

True

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81
Q

Which secondary compound is one of the largest and most varied groups of plant chemicals and include many of the essential oils

A

Terpenes

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82
Q

T/F- Terpenes has THC and that serves to the protect plant from herbivore damage

A

True

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83
Q

T/F- Terpenes is found in catnip

A

True

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84
Q

A class of compounds that contain a hydroxyl group bonded to an aromatic benzene ring

A

Phenols

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85
Q

The practice of creating environmentally and people-friendly buildings

A

Green Building

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86
Q

What term is the ability of a practice to use resources that meet present and future human requirements without harming the environment

A

Sustainability

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87
Q

How is LEED certification obtained?

A

a building project earns credits that address: carbon, energy, water, waste, transportation, materials, health, and indoor environmental quality

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88
Q

How do you calculate energy composition?

A

This is the Energy use
Annual Energy use
Annual Cost

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89
Q

How do you calculate energy use?

A

kWH= (avg energy use(W) X hours of bulbs use) / 1000

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90
Q

How do you calculate annual energy use?

A

kWh per year= kWh X hours per day X days per year

91
Q

How do you calculate annual cost?

A

Cost per year= kWh per year X cost per kWh

92
Q

How do you calculate the cost of different costs lighting?

A

(energy use) kWH= (avg energy use(W) X hours of bulbs use) / 1000

(annual energy use) kWh per year= kWh X hours per day X days per year

Cost per year= kWh per year X cost per kWh

See formula above and use for each type of bulb

93
Q

What are the features and functions of a LEED- certified building?

A
94
Q

What are the advantages of a green building?

A

Energy efficiencies; water conservation, improved indoor air quality, reduced environmental impact, higher property value, long-term cost saving

95
Q

How can you reduce your impact on the environment?

A

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle;
Conserve Energy
Conserve Water
Sustainable Transportation
Minimize Single-use Plastics

96
Q

What is the importance of environmentally sustainable practices?

A

opinion

97
Q

What are the present recommendations on minimizing a building’s environmental impact

A

opinion based

98
Q

What was the purpose of testing essential oils in the lab?

A

To see how plants react in certain environments

99
Q

What are the disadvantages of using allelochemicals as bioherbicides?

A

They can inhibit the growth of desirable plants along with weeds, and this can lead to the damage of other plants

May not be as readily availability for farmers

Repeated use of allelochemicals-based bioherbicides could lead to the development of resistance in species of weeds

100
Q

Plants compete for resources including nutrients, light, water, space, and pollinators this is known as

A

Plant Competition

101
Q

Compounds that are not directly involved in primary plant functions, like growth and reproduction, so they are called secondary compounds

A

Allelochemicals

102
Q

What term may function to deter feeding by herbivores, prevent, infection by pathogens, attract pollinating insects, or inhibit the growth of competing plants

A

Essential Oils

103
Q

What is the SI unit for temperature

A

Kelvin

104
Q

How do you calculate DBH?

A

Circumference divided by 3.14

105
Q

What does sunscreen lotion do?

A

Protection from UV rays administered by the sun

106
Q

What does 1 meter = in inches?

A

39.37 in

107
Q

What does 1 inch = in centimeters

A

2.54 cm

108
Q

What is 1 foot in meters?

A

0.3048 meters

109
Q

what is 1 mile = to in kilometers

A

1.609

110
Q

What is 1 kilogram in pounds?

A

2.2046 pounds

111
Q

What is 1 pound in kilograms?

A

0.4536

112
Q

What is 1 ounce in grams

A

28.35 grams

113
Q

What is 1 L in fluid ounces?

A

33.814 fl oz

114
Q

What is 1 gallon in L

A

3.785 L

115
Q

A plant, animal, or microorganism that is not native to an area is known as

A

Introduced Species

116
Q

Introduced species that cause economic, environmental, or ecological damage is known as

A

Invasive Species

117
Q

What are the 4 methods used to control invasive species?

A

Mechanical control
Chemical control
Biological control

118
Q

The physical removal of invasive species by hunting, trapping, or burning, mowing, or hand pulling plants is known as

A

Mechanical Control

119
Q

The use of pesticides to kill and prevent the spread of invasive species is known as

A

Chemical control

120
Q

When natural enemies are released to control invasive species this is known as a

A

Biological Control

121
Q

What are some environmental impacts of invasive species

A

Damage to agricultural crops
Habitat alteration or loss
reduction of native species

122
Q

What are some economic impacts of invasive species

A

introduction of human or animal pathogens
decreased use of natural resources

123
Q

Biological control agents or beneficials can also be described as

A

Natural enemies

124
Q

T/F- Natural enemies include predators, parasites, or pathogens

A

True

125
Q

What type of species is usually brought over from other regions in order to help control an out of control species in an area

A

natural enemies

126
Q

any chemical substance used to kill or prevent the growth of an unwanted or harmful organism is known as

A

Pesticide

127
Q

What are some of the advantages of biological control?

A

it is an effective way to control the population of some pests when a natural enemy is introduced

128
Q

What are some of the disadvantages of a biological control?

A

The introduced species can now become invasive when it was initially brought in to stabilize another population

129
Q

What are colorless, soil-dwelling parasitic roundworms that infect insects are known as

A

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN)

130
Q

How are entomopathogenic nematodes used to control invasive species?

A

They infect a host and release bacterium that kills the insect within 24-48 hrs because of they ability to kill quickly they are great for biological control agents

131
Q

What are some of the different types of pesticide?

A

Inorganic
Botanicals
Microbial

132
Q

A pesticide that is generally minerals that are mined from the earth and ground into a powder for use

A

Inorganic Pesticide

133
Q

What type of pesticide uses the following:
Boric acid used used to control used in the control of termites, ants, and cockroaches;
silica gels used against roaches and bed bugs

A

Inorganic

134
Q

Pesticides that are extracted from plants, such as pyrethrum from chrysanthemum flowers used to control mosquitoes, flies, and moths, neem oils from neem tree seeds for aphids and mealybugs, and limonene from citrus fruit peels for roaches and ant control is known as

A

Botanical Pesticide

135
Q

What type of pesticide consist of a microorganism ( virus, bacterium, fungus) or their by products is known as

A

Microbials Pesticide

136
Q

What are some examples of how microbial are used

A

Bt is used to control mosquitoes and moths

137
Q

T/F- Microbial pesticides can also be considered as biological controls

A

True

138
Q

T/F- 2.5 billon dollars of damage annually from wood-boring insects in the US

A

True

139
Q

What is an example of a biological control we learned from class?

A

Asian Lady Beetle was brought from Asia to control the aphids population

140
Q

What is an example of an invasive species we have studied in class?

A

Asian Lady Beetle became a nuisance because they are decreasing the population of native lady beetles

141
Q

The pesticide that enter the pest during the feeding through their mouthparts and digestive system and cause death by poisoning is known as

A

Stomach Poisons

142
Q

What type of poison enters the pest through the integument(skin) and cause death by poisoning is known as

A

Contact Poisons

143
Q

What type of poisons that are absorbed by a host insect or plant and get distributed throughout its tissues is known as

A

Systematic Poisons

144
Q

A type of insecticide that abrade the thin waxy cuticle of the insect exoskeleton (like sandpaper), causing loss of body fluids and death by dehydration is known as

A

Desiccants

145
Q

What can be described as a white powder composed of the fossilized remains of diatoms skeletons

A

Diatomaceous earth (DE)

146
Q

How is diatomaceous earth used as a biological control

A

They are used in the structures or on crops to control insects

147
Q

BE ABLE TO LABLE A MICROSCOPE
COMPOUND AND DISSECTING

A

Take a quiz or play a game online to label will def be on the final

148
Q

A type of microscope that is a light microscope that has two sets of lenses and is used for the observation of small specimens or sections of specimens that are mounted on slides are known as

A

Compound Microscope

149
Q

A type of light microscope that is used for the observation or manipulation of larger or whole specimens at low magnification is known as

A

Dissecting Microscope

150
Q

What is used to examine structure by scanning the specimen with a beam of electrons

A

Scanning electron microscope

151
Q

What is used to examine inner structure by passing electrons through a section of the specimen is known as

A

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

152
Q

The examination and study of very small specimens or parts of specimens using a microscope is known as

A

Microscopy

153
Q

What term can be defined as how much bigger a specimen appears compared to its actual size is known as

A

Magnification

154
Q

What is the formula for total magnification

A

Total Magnification= objective lens magnification * ocular lens magnification

155
Q

The area of the image you see through the oculars is known as the

A

Field of View

156
Q

a photograph or digital image taken through a microscope or similar device to show a magnified object is known as a

A

Photomicrograph

157
Q

How do you properly put away a microscope?

A

1) Remove slide from stage
2) Rinse slides with deionized water and return to a predetermined area
3) Clean the stage and lenses by using a bulb duster to blow away dust or debris, use lens paper with lens cleaner solution to remove fingerprints and dirt from lenses
4) Ensure the microscope is placed over the lowest power objective
5) ensure the stage is at its lowest position
6) Wrap the cord around the arm
7) Carry with 2 hands to cabinet

158
Q

A temporary slide where the specimen is mounted in a liquid, such as water, and covered with a coverslip is known as a

A

Wet Mount

159
Q

What are the steps to prepare a wet mount?

A

1) Obtain a clear glass slide
2) Using a transfer pipet, place 1 drop of suspension onto the center of the slide
3) Hold a clean cover slip by its edges, and remove the paper backing and angle it at the edge
4) slowly lower the coverslip while forcing air bubbles out of suspension

160
Q

T/F-Contaminated water is the leading cause of disease in the world and results in 2 million deaths annually

A

True

161
Q

What are some uses of freshwater other than for human consumption

A

Recreation
Fishing (lakes and ponds)
Power

162
Q

Disease causing organisms like bacteria, viruses, protozoa are known as

A

Pathogens

163
Q

What do you call a population of bacterial cells that arose from a single bacterium?

A

Bacterial Colony

164
Q

Why are coliform used as an indicator of water quality?

A

Because they are a group of relatively harmless rod-shaped bacteria that indicate the presence of more harmful microorganisms

165
Q

What is the allowable number of E. coli colonies per 100ml of drinking water?

A

0 (zero)

166
Q

How can water resources become contaminated by point source pollution?

A

Manufacturing or water treatment plants
Farms
Animal Feed Corporations

167
Q

How can water resources become contaminated by nonpoint source pollution?

A

Septic Tanks Overflowing
Fertilizer Runoff
Agricultural Land
Chemical Spills

168
Q

How do you calculate the number of colony forming units (CFUs)/ 1mL?

A

mean # colonies
DIVIDED BY
amount of sample used

169
Q

How do you calculate CFUs per 100mL?

A

mean # of colonies *100
DIVIDED BY
amount of sample used

170
Q

What purification methods were tested in the lab to check their effectiveness on water purification?

A

Untreated
UV sterilization
Chemical Sterilization
Filtered Sterilization

171
Q

Which purification method was most effective in the lab?

A

Chemical Sterilization

172
Q

How is the Coliscan medium used to see coliform presence

A

The medium contains a sugar linked to pink or blue dye and is able to show microorganisms in the water by changing the color of the specimen to highlight which organism is in the sample

173
Q

An enzyme that is involved in the hydrolytic breakdown of galactoside is known as

A

Galactosidase

174
Q

An enzyme that hydrolyzes a glucuronide especially on that occurs widely in the liver or spleen is known as

A

Glucuronidase

175
Q

When coliform is added to water, what color will be detected if E. coli is present?

A

Blue/ Purple

176
Q

When coliform is added to water, what color will be detected if other coliforms are present?

A

Pink/Red

177
Q

The study of the interactions between organisms and their physical environment is known as

A

Ecology

178
Q

The nonliving components which include water, light, soil, nutrients, and weather is known as what factor

A

Abiotic factor

179
Q

The living components of an ecosystem is known as a

A

Biotic Factor

180
Q
A
181
Q

What abiotic component was evaluated in the lab?

A

The water of Lake Ruby

182
Q

What units were used to measure the the water quality of Lake Ruby?

A

Temperature
pH level
Dissolved Oxygen
Electrical Conductivity
nitrate
phosphate

183
Q

How was the water evaluated to determine the health of Lake Ruby?

A

We tested the units ourselves and then compared it the data of what a healthy lake had measured

184
Q

How does the trophic structure determine the health of a water habitat?

A

If the pyramid is unbalanced, the ecosystem will be deemed unhealthy. This happens if the water quality is altered in any way

185
Q

An organism capable of making its own foods is known asa

A

autotroph

186
Q

An organism that relies on other organisms for food is known as a

A

Heterotroph

187
Q

When chemicals are introduced into a lake/pond in turn creating an excess of nutrients in the body of water is known as

A

Eutrophication

188
Q

When the surplus nutrients like phosphates and nitrates cause a rapid increase in algal growth this process is known as an

A

Algal Bloom

189
Q

The transfer of energy between trophic levels is known as a

A

Food Chain

190
Q

Several interconnected food chains form a more complex what?

A

Food Web

191
Q

This structure is known as the feeding relationship of an ecosystem that can be represented by as a pyramid and can be a good indicator of the health an ecosystem is known as

A

Trophic Structure

192
Q

Feedings levels in a food chain is known as

A

Trophic Levels

193
Q

An autotrophic organism that, through photosynthesis, converts the Sun’s energy into food this is known as

A

Producer

194
Q

Heterotrophic organisms that acquire their food by eating producers or other animals is known as a

A

Consumer

195
Q

When an animal feeds directly on producers and are known as primary consumers this type of animal can be described as an

A

Herbivore

196
Q

This type of animal feeds on other animals and can be considered as a secondary consumer is known as a

A

Carnivore

197
Q

When an animal feeds on both producers and consumers this animal is known as a

A

Omnivore

198
Q

These types of organisms are known to break down non-living organic matter into inorganic matter an example of these organisms are bacteria, fungi, and millipedes

A

Decomposers and Detrivores

199
Q

What biotic components were observed to determine the health of the water habit under study?

A

Plants, macroinvertebrates, and plankton

200
Q

finish water aquatic info

A
201
Q

The study of changes in the size and composition of populations and the factors that cause those changes is known as

A

Population Ecology

202
Q

According to the logistic growth model, if the carrying capacity of a species is equal to its population size at a given time, what is the growth rate of that population?

A

The population will not grow

203
Q

What notation represents the “Instantaneous Change change” in population size with respect to time.

A

dN/dt

204
Q

The max number of individuals of a species that the environment can support at any given time is known as the

A

Carrying Capacity

205
Q

What is the pattern of predator-prey population cycles?

A

As time goes on, the predators decrease the number of prey by eating them. As the prey decreases, the predator population will also start to decrease due to lack of food sources, which in return will start to increase the prey

206
Q

Do moose have greater fat stores with wolves absent or present?

A

Present

207
Q

The kind of growth in which a population becomes progressively larger each breeding cycle; produces a J curve when plotted over time and assumes all necessary resources are available for use

A

Exponential Growth

208
Q

The kind of growth in which population size increases rapidly at first but then slows down to a stop as the population becomes larger because the carrying capacity has been reached

A

Logistic Growth

209
Q

What happens when the population size (n) approaches the carrying capacity (K)

A

The population stops growing and stabilizes

210
Q

What animal first made their way to Isle Royale, how did they get there, and what did they find there?

A

Moose
They swam
an abundance of food

211
Q

What was the Moose carrying capacity when there were no wolves? Was it logistic or exponential?

A

Exponential Growth

212
Q

What animals populated Isle Royale after the moose, how did they reach the island, and how did this affect the moose population?

A

Wolves
Brought over by humans
Moose population declined rapidly which the wolf population grew rapidly

213
Q

How can moose dramatically affect the composition of the vegetation community in their habitat?

A

The moose didn’t have a predator so they were producing at an exponential rate and eating up all of the vegetation on the island with nothing to stop the growth of the species

214
Q

Explain how a recently introduced species may overshoot the carrying capacity before the population stabilizes.

A

The introduced resource will have an abundance of food first. But as the moose population declines, and the wolf pop increases the wolves will now have to compete for survival which ultimately will lower the wolf population as well

215
Q

What are some density dependent limiting factors?

A

Competition between predators
Predation

216
Q

What are some density independent limiting factors?

A

Hurricanes
Pollutants
Climate Change

217
Q

How does climate change affect population growth?

A

This will lead to longer growing seasons in the spring and summer and can result in an increase in the moose population followed by an increase in the wolf population until the carrying capacity is reached

218
Q

What are some examples of lab tools

A

Measuring tape, measuring wheel, balances, thermometers, vortex, forceps, serological pipets, pumps, fixed volume pipettes, pipet tips, transfer pipets, graduate cylinders, rulers

219
Q
A
219
Q

What are some meters and units used throughout the lab?

A

UV meter, power meter, dissolved oxygen meter, pH meter, conductivity meter

220
Q

How do you set up a nitrate test?

A
221
Q

How do you set up a phosphate test?

A
222
Q

How might increased yearly temperature affect animal or plant populations or local ecological communities?

A

It can destroy vegetation in the area and be depleted of a food source which in turn can kill off the moose and if all the moose are the dead the wolves will soon die off without another food source

Environmental Bio Lecture and Lab (26 decks)

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