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Environmental Bio Lecture and Lab > Chapter 4.1 > Flashcards

Chapter 4.1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which of the following is an example of a characteristic of an r-related species?
a. Matures later in life
b. Adapted to unstable environments
c. Can live for many years
d. Has high parental care of young

A

b. Adapted to unstable environments

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2
Q

Which of the following would be bottom-up regulation of the Yellowstone community?
a. A severe drought kills many of the trees.
b. Grizzly bears prey on salmon.
c. Aspen trees are eaten by elk.
d. Gray wolves prey on elk.

A

a. A severe drought kills many of the trees.

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3
Q

T/F- the human population is increasing rapidly and is now more than 8 billion

A

True

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4
Q

What are the two human impacts on the environment a result of

A
  • humanity’s sheer number
  • increasing impacts per person
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5
Q

T/F- Dramatic growth spurts in human history have occurred twice in history

A

True

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6
Q

T/F- the first growth spurt occurred 10,00 years go with the agricultural revolution

A

True

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7
Q

What were three benefits of the agricultural revolution?

A

1) Enabled humans to produce more food and feed
more people.
(2) Created a greater need for human labor, which
incentivized people to have more children.
(3) People lived longer.

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8
Q

T/F- the second growth spurt occurred less than 1000 years ago during the Industrial revolution

A

True

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9
Q

The Industrial Revolution led to dramatic improvements in sanitation and health care what are 3 examples of this?

A

1) Decreased death rates significantly
(2) Almost doubled life expectancy at birth since 1800.
(3) Continued population surges as improvement spread to developing countries like India and China.

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10
Q

Who is the English priest that said “too many mouths to feed but not enough food would result in disease, famine, and war

A

Thomas Malthus

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11
Q

What term is said to measure the number of people occupying a certain land area?

A

Population Density

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12
Q

Nations that contain the largest population are known as

A

Population Nations

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13
Q

What are the top 5 desnely populated countries with more than 1,000,000?

A

1) Singapore
2) Bahrain
3) Bangladesh
4) Lebanon
5) Taiwan

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14
Q

T/F- The most densely populated areas in the world tend to be in coastal areas or
close to major waterways.

A

True

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15
Q

T/F- About 90% of the people on Earth live on 10% of the surface area, and most
are north of the equator

A

True

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16
Q

What rate is the number of births per 1,000 individual per year?

A

Crude Birth Rate

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17
Q

What rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year?

A

Death Rate

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18
Q

Demographers are able to project population growth or decline, over time by analyzing a population’s size broke down by its age structure and sex ratio. What are these diagrams referred to as?

A

Age Structure Diagram

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19
Q

Population Growth Rate Formula

A

Births+ Immigrants - Deaths- Emigrants

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20
Q

Populations that are bound to increase for another generation. (slide 9)This is known as

A

Population Momentum

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21
Q

Population rise bound to slow. There are noticeably more males than females.
(more evenly distributed)
(slide 10)
This type of chart describes a

A

Transitional Population

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22
Q

An example of this population that presents decreasing slowly as deaths start to outnumber births
(slide11)

A

Stable Populations

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23
Q

T/F- Countries that have a very youthful population are in poverty or have lower life expectancy’s

A

True

24
Q

In the late 1970s, China experienced population momentum. What does this mean?

A

This means they had a large population, but most( 2/3) of the population is under the age 30

25
Q

When did China initiate its one child per family mandate?

A

1979

26
Q

What is an example of a pronatalist pressure in Chinese culture?

A

Having large, extended families shaped to work the family farm, tend to house shores, and care for aging parents

27
Q

T/F- In developing countries, high infant mortality rates elicit pronatalist pressures to ensure some progeny survive to adulthood

A

True

28
Q

The average number of children a women has in the course of her lifetime is known as

A

Total Fertility Rate

28
Q

What were some of the consequences associated with China’s one-child policy?

A
  • sterilization and IUDs account for as much as 90% of contraception in China
  • extensive cultural and societal repercussions for anyone who broke the policy
  • individual healthcare increased dramatically during this time
29
Q

T/F- During stretch of the “one-child” policy (1989), China’s TFR was reduced from 5.9 in the 1970s to 2.9.

A

True

30
Q

What is China’s current total fertility rate?

A

1.7

31
Q

T/F- the more developed a country the lower the TFR rate

A

True

32
Q

What were the big two consequences of one-child policy?

A

1) Economists revealed that between 2010-2020 the annual size of the labor force shrank by 50% in China.
2) Skewed sex ratio: Ratio of male:female is alarmingly high in China. In rural provinces the ratio is 1.3 men to women (average in industrial countries is 1.05). Census data showed 25% of men over 40 is single in rural areas

THIRD (less important)
- The “4-2-1 conundrum.”
Since the one-child policies began 30 years ago, the next stage for this group of only-children settling into adulthood is responsibility for elder care—two aging parents and four grandparents.There are no nieces, nephews, or other family members to call on, and China does not have an extensive pension program.

33
Q

What year did volunteers come into Kerala in a campaign to increase literacy and provide free/cheap healthcare clinics?

A

1988

34
Q

What Indian economist worked with Indian government officials on system of state economics which did not focus on Gross Domestic Product but rather on Human Development Indices

A

Amartya Sen

35
Q

What are the three distinct advantages in spreading education and healthcare in Kerala’s culture?

A

1) The state was always matrilineal
- Land and money passed down through daughter rather than sons
2) No real divide between urban and rural areas
-Unlike other states in India, schools and health clinics did not get concentrated in cities but were accessible all geographic locations
3)State already boasted an above average concentration
- Infrastructure for education was already present

36
Q

What was the Kerala Model originally designed for?

A

Economic Growth

37
Q

What were the two unexpected results that occurred from the Kerala model?

A

1) Infant mortality rates went way down; lowest in India by far
2) The population stopped growing

38
Q

The theoretical model describing expected drop in population growth as economic conditions improve

A

Demographic Transition

39
Q

T/F- The high rate of education has resulted in “brain drain”, with the low job market in Kerala forcing people to migrate to other parts of the world for employment

A

True

40
Q

What model is coined to be the solution for overpopulation?

A

Kerala Model

41
Q

What are the 4 stages of the demographic transition?

A

Stage 1 : Preindustrial
Stage 2 : Industrializing
Stage 3 : Mature Industrial
Stage 4: Postindustrial

42
Q

What stage of the demographic transition am i describing?
- Death and birth rates are equal and high so population does not grow

A

Stage 1 - Very Slow

43
Q

What term describes the factors of health, education, economic conditions, and cultural influences which are very different from those in developed and developing countries

A

Demographic Factors

44
Q

What stage of the demographic transition am i describing?
- Birth rate falls but not until some time after death rates have dropped
- Most growth occurs here, where birth are much lower than deaths

A

Stage 3 - Slowing

45
Q

What stage of the demographic transition am i describing?
- Birth andn death rates are equal and low and population stops growing; if birth falls below deaths, population will shrink

A

Stage 4 - Very Slow

46
Q

T/F- Most of the world’s population growth occurs in the developing nations, but most wealth in the developed nations.

A

True

47
Q

T/F- Higher death rates in developed nations due to aging population but higher infant mortality rates in developing nations reveal the differences in quality of life and health care

A

True

48
Q

What are two factors that decrease the death rate and also decrease overall population growth rates?

A

1) 1) Most significant fertility declines coincided with largest gains in Chinese economy, not with periods of strict one-child enforcement.

(2) Many other countries have had substantial declines in fertility during the past 25 years without use of strict population control policies (Japan & Thailand both had their TFR fall from ~5 to ~1.8 over same period of time).

49
Q

What type of stability means more educational opportunities and better health care for women, which has been linked to fewer children. This trend has been clearly measured in developed countries and Kerala (European Union, USA, etc…) but there are arguments whether that means other countries will do the same.

A

Economic Stability

50
Q

What is the ultimate goal for population growth?

A

Zero Population Growth

51
Q

When the number or people being born is equal to the number dying this can be described as

A

Zero Population Growth or
Replacement Fertility Rate

52
Q

T/F- Fertility declines as educational opportunities for girls and women increase

A

True

53
Q

T/F- Funding for education and job opportunities for women can be very effective at lowering TFR

A

True

54
Q

T/F- Access to contraceptives and family planning have been effective in many areas of the world

A

True

Environmental Bio Lecture and Lab (26 decks)

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