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Intro to Microbio > Lab exam 2 > Flashcards

Lab exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Special types of cultured media are used for what?

A

Used to detect or isolate particular organisms

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2
Q
  1. T or F, Culture media can be liquid or solid?
  2. liquid media is called what? Solid media?
A
  1. True
  2. Liquid media = broth media
    solid media = broth media w agar
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3
Q

*Liquefies at temperatures above 95°C
* Solidifies at 45°C
* Generally not metabolized,

A

agar

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4
Q

what media contains compounds that selectively inhibit growth of some microbes but not others?

A

selective media

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5
Q

Contains substance that allows
distinguishing of colonies of
different microbes on the same
plate

A

Differential medium

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6
Q

T/F Some media have both selective and
differential characteristics

A

TRUE

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7
Q

2 examples of differential media

A
  • Blood agar
    -MacConkey agar
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8
Q

When grown on solid media, cells
form what?

A

Isolated masses (colonies).

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9
Q

What is colony morphology used for?

A
  • to identify microorganisms
  • to distinguishes cultures (pure, contaminated, or mixed)
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10
Q

Q: Amoeba, Trypanosoma, Paramecium, and Euglena are all types of what?

A

A: Protozoa.

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11
Q

What is the formula for pfu/ml

A

PFU/ml=
Numberofplaques×dilutionfactor
————————————————–
volume of phage saple in mL

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12
Q

Name examples of an aerobe, anaerobe, and a facultative anaerobe.

A

Aerobe: Bacillus subtilis

Anaerobe: Clostridium sporogenes

Facultative anaerobe: Escherichia coli

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13
Q

What is a countable plate for bacteriophage plaques?

A

A plate with 25-250 plaques.

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14
Q

What is an anaerobe?

A

An organism that does not require oxygen for growth and may even die in its presence.

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15
Q

Q: What is the phylum for Amoeba? Trypanosoma?
Paramecium?
Euglena?

A

A: Amoebozoa (sarcodina)

Euglenozoa

Ciliophora

Euglenozoa

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16
Q

Q: Identify the domain of Anabaena and its notable feature.

A

A: Domain Bacteria - Cyanobacteria with heterocysts (used for nitrogen fixation).

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17
Q

Q: What is the function of heterocysts in Anabaena (Cyanobacteria)?

A

A: specialized cells used for nitrogen fixation, allowing Anabaena to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form.

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18
Q

Q: Place Saccharomyces, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Morchella, and “mushroom” in their proper phyla (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Zygomycota).

A

Saccharomyces - Ascomycota
Penicillium - Ascomycota
Rhizopus - Zygomycota
Morchella - Ascomycota
“Mushroom” - Basidiomycota

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19
Q

What is a GasPak jar.

A

A sealed jar used to create an anaerobic environment for culturing bacteria.

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20
Q

Q: What is the process called when Saccharomyces reproduces asexually?

A

A: Budding. (forming four haploid zygotes.)

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21
Q

Q: Name the three types of lichen growth forms.

A

A: Crustose, Foliose, Fruticose.

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22
Q

Q: What two organisms form a lichen?

A

A: A fungus and an alga (or cyanobacterium).

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23
Q

Q: What is a slide culture used for?

A

A: Observing the growth and structure of fungi.

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24
Q

What is the reaction used in a Gas Pak to remove O₂, and what is the catalyst?

A

Hydrogen combines with oxygen to form water. The catalyst is palladium.

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25
Q

Q: What stain is commonly used on molds?

A

A: Lactophenol cotton blue.

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26
Q

What is the name of the medium used in the enrichment step?

A

Thioglycolate broth.

27
Q

What is the purpose of the enrichment step?

A

promote the growth of anaerobic bacteria while suppressing others.

27
Q

Where are paramecium found?

A

Fresh water and stagnant pools

28
Q

What is the purpose of a selective medium?

A

allow the growth of specific microorganisms while inhibiting others.

28
Q

What is the length of paramecium?

A

300 µm

29
Q

Q: Identify sexual and asexual reproductive structures of fungi.

A

A: Sexual: Zygospores, Ascospores
Asexual: Conidiospores, Sporangiospores

30
Q

Q: What is the sexual spore of Zygomycota, and how is it formed?

A

A: Zygospore; forms from mating type fusion, dark and rough.

31
Q

Q: How does Zygomycota reproduce asexually?

A

A: By round sporangia containing sporangiospores.

32
Q

Q: Describe Rhizopus reproduction.

A

A: Forms zygospores sexually and sporangia for asexual spores.

33
Q

Q: What is Rhizopus commonly known as?

Q: Where is Rhizopus commonly found?

Q: How does Rhizopus reproduce?

Q: What are rhizoids in Rhizopus?

A

A: Black bread mold.

A: Growing on bread.

A: Both sexually and asexually.

A: Root-like structures that attach to food surfaces.

33
Q

How is the shape of Paramecia maintained?

A

stiff, but elastic pellicle

34
Q

Q: Where are ascospores produced in Ascomycota?

A

A: In an ascus, which is round or elongated.

34
Q

How do Paramecia move?

A

by tiny cilia that cover the pellicle

35
Q

Q: How many spores are in an ascus, and how do they form?

A

A: Eight spores; from meiosis (four) and mitosis.

36
Q

What type of feeders are Paramecia?

A

They are filter-feeders.

36
Q

Q: What unique structure does Sordaria produce?

A

A: Perithecium, which contains and releases ascospores.

37
Q

Q: What is Morchella commonly known as?

Q: Are Morchella edible, and in which cuisine are they prized?

Q: When is Morchella in season, and why are they expensive?

A

A: True morels.

A: Yes, they are prized in French cuisine.

A: In the spring; they do not store or transport well.

38
Q

What is the function of the oral groove in Paramecia?

A

forms a pocket that acts as a scoop to gather food

38
Q

Q: How does Saccharomyces reproduce asexually?

A

A: By budding.

39
Q

Q: What is Saccharomyces cerevisiae commonly known as?

Q: How does Saccharomyces cerevisiae reproduce sexually?

Q: What is the asexual reproduction method of Saccharomyces cerevisiae?

A

A: Baker’s yeast or brewer’s yeast.

A: By forming four haploid zygotes.

A: Budding

40
Q

What are cyanobacteria commonly called?

A

Blue-green algae

41
Q

Q: Name the three main lichen growth forms.

Q: What is litmus, and its relation to lichens?

Q: What does the color of litmus indicate?

A

A: Foliose (leaf-like), Fruticose (branch-like), Crustose (flat).

A: A pH indicator made from lichen pigments.

A: turns red in acid, blue in alkaline.

42
Q

Q: What is Penicillium known for, and how does it reproduce?

A

A: Produces penicillin and is familiar blue-green kitchen mold;

reproduces by asexual spores called conidiospores on conidiophores.

43
Q

Q: Describe Penicillium conidiophores.

A

A: Stem-like, branches with phialides producing spore chains.

44
Q

Q: How are basidiospores formed?

A

A: In a basidium, after sexual fusion and meiosis.

45
Q

Q: Name the 4 main mushroom parts and functions.

A

A: Cap: Produces spores.
Stipe: Supports cap.
Annulus: Collar under cap.
Gills: Produce basidiospores.

46
Q

Q: Where does most of the mushroom fungus grow?

Q: What is the ploidy of mycelium from germinated spores?

Q: What forms after the fusion of compatible mating types in mushroom fungus?

A

A: As underground mycelium.

A: Haploid.

A: Diploid mycelium with dikaryotic cells (separate haploid nuclei).

47
Q

Q: What triggers mushroom formation?

A

A: Favorable conditions, like cool spring rains

48
Q

Q: What is the movement structure of Amoeba proteus?

Q: Where is Amoeba proteus commonly found?

Q: How does Amoeba proteus obtain food?

A

A: Pseudopodia (extensions formed by cytoplasm flow).

A: In freshwater.

A: Engulfs algae and smaller protozoans.

49
Q

Are cyanobacteria true algae

A

No, they are bacteria, not true algae

50
Q

What are Anabaena?

A

cyanobacteria that photosynthesize and can fix nitrogen

51
Q

How is nitrogen fixation accomplished in Anabaena?

A

through heterocysts

52
Q

What is a practical use for some species of Anabaena?

A

used to replenish nitrogen in rice paddies

53
Q

Why can some species of Anabaena be harmful

A

can produce toxins that are harmful to local wildlife

54
Q

(word bank: anoxic, obligate anaerobes, aerotolerant, obligate aerobes, microaerophiles, facultative anaerobes)

Obligate _________: absolutely require oxygen
– grow at full O2 tension (~21%) and respire O2
___________ anaerobes: able to grow with or without oxygen
– grow via fermentation or anaerobic respiration when oxygen is
NOT available
___________ anaerobes: can’t use oxygen and most are harmed by it
_____________: can tolerate but can’t use oxygen
_________________:
can use O2 only at levels reduced from that in air (microoxic) due to limited respiration or oxygen sensitivity
________ (oxygen free) habitats: mud, bogs, marshes, animal intestines, other diverse habitats

A

Obligate aerobes
Facultative anaerobes
Obligate anaerobes
Aerotolerant
Microaerophiles
Anoxic

55
Q

Why is oxygen toxic?

A

forms toxic byproducts inside phagolysosome in phagocytes. (superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, peroxide anion, hydroxyl radical)

56
Q

What are the toxic forms of Oxygen

______________ catalyzes this rxn O2 + O2 +2H+ —–> H2O2 + O2

___________ converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxyegn

H2O2+2H+ —–> 2H2O

A

Superoxide dismutase

Catalase

Peroxidase

57
Q

Q: What type of organism is Euglena and how does it move?

Q: Can Euglena be autotrophic, heterotrophic, or both?

Q: What is the purpose of the “eyespot” in Euglena?

Q: What is the size range of Euglena gracilis?

A

A: A single-celled organism; moves by means of a terminal flagellum.

A: Both; it can photosynthesize or absorb soluble nutrients.

A: photosensitive; steers the organism toward light for photosynthesis.

A: 30-50 µm in length

Intro to Microbio (16 decks)

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