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Intro to Microbio > immunological disorders > Flashcards

immunological disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Immune system protects against infection and disease but can also cause serious conditions by doing what?

A

overreacting or underreacting to stimuli

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2
Q

T or F the immune system is considered a two-sided Coin; it is not always helping you

A

True

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3
Q

define Immunopathology

A

study of disease states associated with over activity or under activity of the immune response

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4
Q

T/F HYPERSENSITIVITY categorized
into one of four major groups
according to mechanisms and
timing of response

What are they?

A

TRUE

Type I: Immediate
Type II: Cytotoxic
Type III: Immune complex
Type IV: Cell-mediated

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5
Q

What does autoimmune disease target?

A

body tissues

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6
Q

What mediator causes immediate (type I) hypersensitivities?

IgE is characterized by immediate reaction of the sensitized individual generally within how long of exposure? (minutes, weeks, or days)

Type I hypersensitivities occur in at least how much of the population?

A

IgE

Within MINUTES of exposure

20% to 30%

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7
Q

disorder that occurs when immune system is too weak to prevent infection

A

Immunodeficiency

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8
Q

(IgE mediated)

In type 1 hypersensitivities what is the process when mast cell releases
histamine and other inflammatory mediators?

A

degranulation

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9
Q

(IgE mediated)

type 1 hypersensitivities yield rapid reaction including what? (4)

A

hives, hay fever, asthma, anaphylactic shock

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10
Q

What are hives?

A

Allergic skin condition that causes formation of wheal and flare rash

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11
Q

What is the allergic condition caused by inhaled antigen?

What are 4 symptoms?

A

Hay Fever

  • itching
  • teary eyes
  • sneezing
  • runny nose
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12
Q

T/F Asthma is a respiratory allergy

What are allergic mediators attracted to?

A

TRUE

inflamed respiratory tract

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13
Q

T/F Generalized/Systemic anaphylaxis is more common than local anaphylaxis

A

FALSE, it is RARE but more serious

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14
Q

In type II hypersensitivities (cytotoxic) what do antibodies react with?

This triggers what?

A

molecules on cell surface

destruction of cells

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15
Q
  1. what causes the immune system to produce IgG?
  2. Immunotherapy involves the injection of what?
A
  1. Desensitization
  2. injection of extremely dilute antigen over time
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16
Q

TRANSFUSION rxns

  1. Individuals have antibodies to _________ they lack?
  2. Cells (rapidly OR slowly?) destroyed by MACs or NK cells; debris can block
    vessels, initiate clotting; lead to kidney damage, fever, respiratory and digestive problems that may be life threatening
A
  1. antigens
  2. rapidly
17
Q

Triggering the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) causes what?

A

natural killer (NK) cells deliver chemicals to destroy cell

18
Q
  1. T or F: Rh+ never have antibodies present while Rh- anti Rh antibodies (Rh+)
  2. Rh- blood type can only get blood from what?
A
  1. True
  2. Another Rh-
19
Q

What are 3 examples of type II hypersensitivities?

A
  1. transfusion reactions
  2. hemolytic disease of the newborn
  3. some autoimmune diseases
20
Q

HEMOLYTIC DISEASE

Mother is Rh - or +?
Fetus is Rh - or +?

What does RhoGAM
contain that bind to any Rh+ erythrocytes that may have entered circulation?

What does this prevent?

A

Mother: Rh -
Fetus: Rh +

anti-Rh antibodies

stimulation of
primary immune
response

21
Q

Which type of hypersensitivities are caused by cell-mediated immunity?

When do reactions peak?

A

Delayed hypersensitivities (Type IV)

2-3 days instead of minutes

22
Q

All of the following cause Type IV hypersensitivities EXCEPT?

A. Nickel Jewelry
B. Leather
C. Cosmetics
D. Poison Ivy & Oak
E. None of these
F. All of these

A

F. All of these

23
Q

In immune complexes what causes smaller complexes to form and remain in circulation or at sites of formation in tissue?

A

antigen in slight excess

24
Q

which type of hypersensitivity:

Produces rashes, joint pains, other symptoms of farmer’s lung, lupus, bacterial endocarditis, early rubella infection, malaria, glomerulonephritis

A

Type III Hypersensitivity: Immune Complex-Mediated

25
Q

In transplant immunity, immunological rejection is classified as which type of reaction?

A

type IV rejection

26
Q
  1. what is defined as a localized immune complex reaction
  2. what is defined systemic immune complex reaction
A

1, Arthus reaction

  1. Serum sickness
27
Q

what happens in Tuberculin skin test?

A

introduction of small quantities of
protein antigens from organism into skin

28
Q
  1. TB skin test is considered what type of hypersensitivity?
  2. what causes the reaction is TB skin test?
A
  1. Type IV Hypersensitivities: Delayed Cell-Mediated
  2. sensitized T cells, release of cytokines and influx of macrophages
29
Q

Immune response that injures:
- Can be categorized into one of four major groups according to mechanisms and timing of response

A

hypersensitivity

30
Q

In transplant immunity, killing of graft cells occurs through contact with what two things?

A
  1. sensitized cytotoxic T cells
  2. natural killer cells
31
Q

Body’s inability to make and sustain an adequate immune response

A

Immunodeficiency disorders

32
Q

Spectrum of autoimmune diseases (3)

A
  1. Reactions occur over spectrum
  2. Organ-specific
  3. Widespread response
33
Q

in which widespread response are autoantibodies made against nuclear constituents of all body cells

A

lupus

34
Q

What are the two basic types of Immunodeficiency disorders?

A
  1. Primary or congenital
  2. Secondary or acquired
35
Q

Which type of disorder is Inborn as a result of genetic defect or
developmental abnormality?

A

Primary or congenital

36
Q

In rheumatoid arthritis (widespread response) the immune response is made against what?

A

collagen in connective tissue

37
Q

Secondary or acquired immunodeficiency disorders can be aquired as a result of what?

A

infection or other stressor

Intro to Microbio (16 decks)

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