immunological disorders Flashcards
Immune system protects against infection and disease but can also cause serious conditions by doing what?
overreacting or underreacting to stimuli
T or F the immune system is considered a two-sided Coin; it is not always helping you
True
define Immunopathology
study of disease states associated with over activity or under activity of the immune response
T/F HYPERSENSITIVITY categorized
into one of four major groups
according to mechanisms and
timing of response
What are they?
TRUE
Type I: Immediate
Type II: Cytotoxic
Type III: Immune complex
Type IV: Cell-mediated
What does autoimmune disease target?
body tissues
What mediator causes immediate (type I) hypersensitivities?
IgE is characterized by immediate reaction of the sensitized individual generally within how long of exposure? (minutes, weeks, or days)
Type I hypersensitivities occur in at least how much of the population?
IgE
Within MINUTES of exposure
20% to 30%
disorder that occurs when immune system is too weak to prevent infection
Immunodeficiency
(IgE mediated)
In type 1 hypersensitivities what is the process when mast cell releases
histamine and other inflammatory mediators?
degranulation
(IgE mediated)
type 1 hypersensitivities yield rapid reaction including what? (4)
hives, hay fever, asthma, anaphylactic shock
What are hives?
Allergic skin condition that causes formation of wheal and flare rash
What is the allergic condition caused by inhaled antigen?
What are 4 symptoms?
Hay Fever
- itching
- teary eyes
- sneezing
- runny nose
T/F Asthma is a respiratory allergy
What are allergic mediators attracted to?
TRUE
inflamed respiratory tract
T/F Generalized/Systemic anaphylaxis is more common than local anaphylaxis
FALSE, it is RARE but more serious
In type II hypersensitivities (cytotoxic) what do antibodies react with?
This triggers what?
molecules on cell surface
destruction of cells
- what causes the immune system to produce IgG?
- Immunotherapy involves the injection of what?
- Desensitization
- injection of extremely dilute antigen over time
TRANSFUSION rxns
- Individuals have antibodies to _________ they lack?
- Cells (rapidly OR slowly?) destroyed by MACs or NK cells; debris can block
vessels, initiate clotting; lead to kidney damage, fever, respiratory and digestive problems that may be life threatening
- antigens
- rapidly
Triggering the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) causes what?
natural killer (NK) cells deliver chemicals to destroy cell
- T or F: Rh+ never have antibodies present while Rh- anti Rh antibodies (Rh+)
- Rh- blood type can only get blood from what?
- True
- Another Rh-
What are 3 examples of type II hypersensitivities?
- transfusion reactions
- hemolytic disease of the newborn
- some autoimmune diseases
HEMOLYTIC DISEASE
Mother is Rh - or +?
Fetus is Rh - or +?
What does RhoGAM
contain that bind to any Rh+ erythrocytes that may have entered circulation?
What does this prevent?
Mother: Rh -
Fetus: Rh +
anti-Rh antibodies
stimulation of
primary immune
response
Which type of hypersensitivities are caused by cell-mediated immunity?
When do reactions peak?
Delayed hypersensitivities (Type IV)
2-3 days instead of minutes
All of the following cause Type IV hypersensitivities EXCEPT?
A. Nickel Jewelry
B. Leather
C. Cosmetics
D. Poison Ivy & Oak
E. None of these
F. All of these
F. All of these
In immune complexes what causes smaller complexes to form and remain in circulation or at sites of formation in tissue?
antigen in slight excess
which type of hypersensitivity:
Produces rashes, joint pains, other symptoms of farmer’s lung, lupus, bacterial endocarditis, early rubella infection, malaria, glomerulonephritis
Type III Hypersensitivity: Immune Complex-Mediated
In transplant immunity, immunological rejection is classified as which type of reaction?
type IV rejection
- what is defined as a localized immune complex reaction
- what is defined systemic immune complex reaction
1, Arthus reaction
- Serum sickness
what happens in Tuberculin skin test?
introduction of small quantities of
protein antigens from organism into skin
- TB skin test is considered what type of hypersensitivity?
- what causes the reaction is TB skin test?
- Type IV Hypersensitivities: Delayed Cell-Mediated
- sensitized T cells, release of cytokines and influx of macrophages
Immune response that injures:
- Can be categorized into one of four major groups according to mechanisms and timing of response
hypersensitivity
In transplant immunity, killing of graft cells occurs through contact with what two things?
- sensitized cytotoxic T cells
- natural killer cells
Body’s inability to make and sustain an adequate immune response
Immunodeficiency disorders
Spectrum of autoimmune diseases (3)
- Reactions occur over spectrum
- Organ-specific
- Widespread response
in which widespread response are autoantibodies made against nuclear constituents of all body cells
lupus
What are the two basic types of Immunodeficiency disorders?
- Primary or congenital
- Secondary or acquired
Which type of disorder is Inborn as a result of genetic defect or
developmental abnormality?
Primary or congenital
In rheumatoid arthritis (widespread response) the immune response is made against what?
collagen in connective tissue
Secondary or acquired immunodeficiency disorders can be aquired as a result of what?
infection or other stressor
