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Intro to Microbio > Antimicrobial Medications > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Medications Flashcards

1
Q

Use of a drug to prevent imminent infection of a person at risk.

A

Prophylaxis

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2
Q

what did Alexander Flemming identify mold as?

A

Penicillium

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3
Q

Substances produced by natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can destroy other microorganisms

A

Antibiotics

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4
Q

what is the primary goal of antimicrobial
chemotherapy?

A

administer drug to infected person, destroying the infective agent without harming host’s cells

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5
Q

Features of Antimicrobial Drugs

  1. Drugs differ in how they are what?
    -Important factor for consideration when prescribing
  2. The rate of elimination of drug from body is expressed in?
    – Time it takes for the body to eliminate one half the original dose in serum
    – dictates frequency of dosage
  3. T or F: Patients with liver or kidney damage tend to excrete drugs more quickly?
A
  1. distributed, metabolized and excreted
  2. half-life
  3. False, they excrete drugs more slowly
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6
Q

If antimicrobials are effective against a LIMITED array of microbial types this is known as what?

Is this effective against gram + or -?

A

Narrow spectrum

can be effective against gram + OR - not both

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7
Q

Antimicrobials effective against a wide variety of microbial types

Is this effective against gram + or -?

A

broad spectrum

can be affective against BOTH gram+ and -

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8
Q

Who successfully purified penicillin?

What were they awarded with?

A

Ernst Chain and Howard Florey

Noble prize in Physiology in medicine with Fleming (1945)

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9
Q

Where do most modern antibiotics come from?

A

organisms living in the soil (bacterial species & fungi)

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10
Q

When drugs are chemically altered to impart new characteristics what is this termed?

A

semi-synthetic drugs

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11
Q

Antibiotics are classified by their what?

A

Mechanism of action

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12
Q

What are 4 adverse effects of antimicrobial drugs?

A
  1. Allergic reactions (penicilin)
  2. Toxic effects (aplastic anemia)
  3. Suppression of normal flora (colitis)
  4. antimicrobial resistance
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13
Q

Antimicrobials that interfere
with the synthesis of cell wall
do not interfere with eukaryotic
cell. Why is this?

A

Animal cells lack a cell wall and plant cell do not.

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14
Q
  1. Why is Gram (-) resistant to Vancomycin?
  2. _____________
    – Interferes with transport of PTG precursors across cytoplasmic membrane
    – Toxicity limits use to topical applications
    – Common ingredient in non-prescription first-aid ointments
A
  1. Does not cross lipid membrane of Gram (-)
  2. Bacitracin
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15
Q

Define high therapeutic index and give 3 examples

A

low toxicity with high effectiveness

  1. β lactam drugs
  2. Vancomycin
  3. Bacitracin
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16
Q
  1. _________________
    * e.g. Gentamicin,
    streptomycin
    * Side effects with extended use include Nephrotoxicity
  2. ________________
    * Effective against certain Gram (+) and Gram (-)
    - nephrotoxicity & teeth discoloration
    * e.g. doxycycline has longer
    half-life
    –Allows for less frequent dosing
A
  1. Aminoglycosides
  2. Tetracyclines
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17
Q

What do Penicillins and Cephalosporins inhibit?

A

function of enzymes that help form peptide bridge
between glycan molecules

18
Q

T/F Some microbes are resistant to drugs through production of β-lactamase enzyme

A

TRUE

19
Q

Newer group, broad spectrum

Currently account for a majority of all antibiotics administered

These are resistant to most β
lactamases/penicillinases

these are charteristics of?

A

Cephalosporins

20
Q

What 4 drugs are responsible for inhibiting protein synthesis?

A
  1. Aminoglycosides
  2. Tetracyclins
  3. Macrolids
  4. Chloramphenicol
21
Q
  1. Two antibacterial drugs that inhibit
    nucleic acid synthesis?
  2. Two types of Fluoroquinolones
  3. Rifamycins can be used against what?
A
  1. Fluoroquinolones and Rifamycins
  2. Ciprofloxacin and Moxifloxacin
  3. Mycobacterium
22
Q

3 types of macrolids?

A

1.erythromycin
2. clarithromycin
3. azithromycin

23
Q

Which drug is generally used as drug of last resort for life
threatening infections?

A

Chloramphenicol

24
Q

What is a lethal side effect of Chloramphenicol?

A

aplastic anemia

25
Q
  1. Antibacterial Drug that
    alters the cell membrane?
  2. Polymyxin B Binds membrane of Gram (-) or (+) cells?
  3. Polymyxin B Limits use to what and why?
A
  1. Polymyxin B
  2. Binds membrane of Gram (-) cells
  3. topical application since it
    can also bind to Eukaryotic cells
26
Q

T/F Humans can make their
own folic acid

A

FALSE, they CANNOT make their own folic acid, it must come from the diet

27
Q

Why is susceptibility only tested with pure cultures and not mixed cultures?

A

Because you cannot tell in a mixed culture if it is the pathogen or contaminant causing infection

28
Q
  1. the smallest amount of an agent needed to inhibit growth of a microorganism?
  2. What technique is used for MIC?
A
  1. minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
  2. Tube Dilution
29
Q

In a Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion Test, the inoculum density is standardized using what standard?

A

McFarland Standard

30
Q

The Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion Test is used for what?

A

to qualitatively determine
susceptibility

31
Q
  1. An adaptive response in which microorganisms begin to tolerate an amount of drug that would ordinarily be inhibitory?
  2. Microbes become newly resistant to a drug after either? (2 things)
A
  1. Drug resistance
  2. Spontaneous mutations or Acquisition of new genes via plasmids
32
Q

What represents susceptibility in Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion Test

A

Clear zone of inhibition around disc

33
Q

T/F The E test uses strips impregnated with gradient concentration of antibiotic
-From highest concentration to lowest

A

TRUE

34
Q

Every time you take a drug what happens in your system?

A

Drug resistance begins to develop and can dominate the population.

35
Q

Give 3 bacteria examples of emerging antimicrobial resistance

A
  1. Staphylococcus aureus
  2. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  3. Enterococci
36
Q

fill in the blank w/ emerging antimicrobial resistance
____________: common causes of nosocomial infections
____________: Part of normal intestinal flora
_____________: Organism is acid-fast,

A
  1. Staphylococcus aureus & Enterococci
  2. Enterococci
  3. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
37
Q

Polyenes and Azoles are drugs that do what?

A

target ergosterol

38
Q

A fungal infection is caused
by a ______________, it is very hard to kill
these organisms and not harm your cells

A

eukaryote

39
Q

Failure of antimicrobial treatment could be due to what 3 things?

A

inability of the drug to diffuse

resistant cells in the culture

infection caused by more than one
pathogen

39
Q

T/F Antimicrobials can alter
your normal flora

If so, explain why?

A

TRUE

broad-spectrum antimicrobial will destroy infectious agents but also beneficial species

40
Q

Bacteriophage therapy

A

New way of treating superbug infections

Intro to Microbio (16 decks)

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