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Intro to Microbio > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

uniiverse is composed of
________

A

matter

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2
Q

Matter is found on Earth in what three physical states?

A

solid, liquid, and gas.

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3
Q

Define Matter

A

anything that exhibit:
– Inertia: resistance to change in position
– occupies space
– has mass

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4
Q

What is the difference b/w MASS and WEIGHT

A

MASS: how much matter is in an object
WEIGHT: how hard gravity pulls an object

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5
Q

What do we use to organize our understanding of
matter?

A

The periodic table of the elements

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6
Q

What is the fundamental unit of matter?

A

atoms

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7
Q

There are ___ naturally occurring elements, but only __ are typically used by living cells

A

92; 25

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8
Q

What are atoms?

A

the smallest units that retain all properties of their type of matter

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9
Q

T or F: All matter consists of chemical elements

A

T

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10
Q

Elements are listed in order of?

A

atomic number (# of protons)

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11
Q

Each atom of an element is composed of?

A

protons, neutrons, and electrons

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12
Q

T/F Your weight is same wherever you go

A

FALSE, your mass is the same wherever you go

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13
Q

When atoms are bonded together they form what?

A

stable molecules

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14
Q

The atomic weight of an element corresponds to?

A

of protons + # of neutrons

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15
Q

__ elements are required in small quantities (micronutrients), and
__ are required in only tiny amounts

A

7; 14

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16
Q

T/F Elements are essential to life

A

True

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17
Q

How many of the of the 92 known elements make
up the bulk (mass) of living cells and what are they?

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. carbon
  3. hydrogen
  4. nitrogen
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18
Q

what is the difference between micronutrients and trace elements?

A

micronutrients are required in small quantities while trace elements are required in only tiny amounts.

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19
Q

name the 7 micronutrients:

A

calcium
phosphorus
potassium
sulfur
sodium
chlorine
magnesium

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20
Q

What are the following elements considered as?
boron
chromium
cobalt
copper
fluorine
iodine
iron
manganese
molybdenum
selenium
silicon
tin
vanadium
zinc

A

Trace elements

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21
Q

*Located in nucleus

*The number of
_______ determines
the chemical element

A

protons

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22
Q

Nitrogen Atom:
7 protons
7 neutrons
7 electrons

What is the atomic weight?

A

Atomic weight = Protons + Neutrons
7 protons + 7 neutrons = 14

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23
Q

*Located in nucleus

  • The number of
    ________ determines
    the isotope
A

neutrons

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24
Q

T/F Ions vary in the number of electrons in the
electron cloud

A

True

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25
Q

define isotopes

A

variants of an element that
differs in their number of neutrons.

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26
Q

T or F Isotopes are less stable
and may decay over
time, emitting radiation

A

T

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27
Q

What happens when an atom loses electrons?

A

it becomes electrically charged

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28
Q

In a chemical reaction, atoms do what?

A

gain, lose, or share electrons

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29
Q

What are charged atoms called?

A

Ions (can be positive or negative)

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30
Q

Nitrogen Ion:
7 protons
8 neutrons
10 electrons

If a nitrogen atom gains 3 electrons, is it positively
or negatively charged?

A

Negatively charged (Anion)

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31
Q

What is it called when Electrons are arranged in electron shells corresponding to different energy level?

A

Electronic Configurations

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32
Q

involve the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another.

A

ionic bonds

33
Q

define covalent bonds

A

involve the sharing of one or more electrons between atoms.

34
Q

In ionic bonds, is the receiving atom positively or negatively charged? Donating atom?

A

Receiving: Negative
Donating: Positive

35
Q

How are Ionic bonds held together?

A

by attraction of opposite
charges.

36
Q

If a nitrogen atom gains 3 electrons, does it have a greater mass than before?

A

No, the mass is the same because electrons have no mass

37
Q

1st orbital = can only take ___ electrons
2nd orbital = can take max of ___ electrons
3rd orbital = can take max of 8 electrons
4th orbital = can take max of __ electrons
5th orbital = can take max of __ electrons

A

1st orbital = can only take 2 electrons
2nd orbital = can take max of 8 electrons
3rd orbital = can take max of 8 electrons
4th orbital = can take max of 18 electrons
5th orbital = can take max of 32 electrons

38
Q

what is the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?

A

nonpolar is the equal sharing of electrons while polar is the unequal sharing of electrons

39
Q

What are the strongest of the chemical bonds?

A

Covalent bonds

40
Q

Bonds formed between C, N, O, P, H, S in all macromolecules such as proteins,
carbohydrates, nucleic acids and lipids are
what type of bonds?

A

covalent bonds

41
Q

which covalent bonds are stronger between polar and nonpolar?

A

Nonpolar because the electrons are shared equally

42
Q

What do the polar covalent bonds
in water mean?

A

Uneven distribution charger
- Oxygen is more negative and hydrogens are more positive

43
Q

In the polar covalent bond of water
what charge do oxygen and hydrogen have?

A

Oxygen is more negative
Hydrogens are more positive.

44
Q

The weak attractions between polar molecules

A

Hydrogen bonds

45
Q

Hydrogen bonds hold ______(code of Life) together.

A

DNA

46
Q

The polar nature of water means that water forms what type of bonds?

A

hydrogen bonds

47
Q

Why is water so suitable for life?

A

Unique properties make it solid, liquid, or gas

48
Q

What happens as water freezes?

A

stable hydrogen bonds
hold molecules apart

49
Q

In liquid water, hydrogen bonds
constantly do what?

A

break and re-form

50
Q

Does a chunk of ice or an equal volume of liquid water have fewer water molecules?

A

A chunk of ice

51
Q

T or F Chemical reactions can rearrange
matter but cannot create or destroy matter?

A

True

52
Q

Which bonds are responsible for stable structures of proteins and nucleic acids?

A

Hydrogen bonds

53
Q

Define Synthesis Reactions (Anabolism)

A

when atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new, larger molecules

54
Q

________ (what goes in) are transformed
into __________ (what comes out) through
__________ reactions.

A

reactants
products
water

55
Q

Reactants and products are on what side of a chemical reaction?

A

Chemical reactions are written with the reactants on the left and the products on the right

56
Q

what donates H+ (Hydrogen ion) when dissolved in water?

HCl = H+ + Cl-

A

Acids

57
Q

What is the synthesis of molecules in a cell

A

Anabolism

58
Q

A (atom, ion, or molecule A)
+
B (atom, ion, or molecule B)
=
AB (New molecule)

Is this a Synthesis or Decomposition rxn?

A

Synthesis

59
Q

what accepts H+ when dissolved in water
and/or can increase the concentration of
OH- (hydroxyl ions?

NaOH = Na+ + OH-

A

bases

60
Q

AB (New molecule)
=
A (atom, ion, or molecule A)
+
B (atom, ion, or molecule B)

What reaction is this?

A

Decomposition

61
Q

when a molecule is split into smaller molecules,
ions, or atoms

A

Decomposition

62
Q

*_________ is the decomposition reactions in a cell

A

catabolism

63
Q

Zest and Sharpness of food flavor is often due to ______

A

acid

64
Q

what does the pH scale measure?

A

Measures H+ concentration of fluid

65
Q

How do scientists indicate
how strong or weak an acid or base is?

A

The pH scale

66
Q

fill in below:

0———————7——————-14
______ ________ ________

A

0———————7——————-14
acidic neutral basic

67
Q

Each number in the pH scale represents what?

A

tenfold change in H+ ion concentration

68
Q

Change of 1 pH on scale means ___X change in H+ concentration
e.g. A change in pH from 8 to 10 = 100X stronger base

A

10X

69
Q

Organic compounds ALWAYS contain what?

A

carbon and hydrogen

70
Q

The amount of H+ in a solution is expressed as what?

A

pH

71
Q

what is the pH equation?

A

pH = −log[H+]

72
Q

What do inorganic molecules lack?

A

carbon

73
Q

Increasing [H+], increases _____
Increasing [OH−] increases ________

A

acidity
alkalinity

74
Q

How are polymers made?

A

by stringing together many
smaller molecules called monomers

75
Q

Most organisms grow best between pH of what?

A

6.5 and 8.5

76
Q

are carbon-based molecules

A

organic compounds

77
Q

What 2 things happens in a dehydration reaction?

A
  • Links two monomers together
  • Removes a molecule of water
78
Q

all anabolic reactions are what?

A

dehydration

79
Q

what process is this?

*Breaks bonds between monomers
* Adds a molecule of water
* Reverses the dehydration reaction

A

hydrolysis

Intro to Microbio (16 decks)

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