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Intro to Microbio > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Monomorphic vs pleomorphic

A

Monomorphic: Single shaped
Pleomorphic: Many shapes

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2
Q

Average size of bacterial cell: ___ to ___ µm diameter, _ to _ µm length

A

0.2 to 2.0 µm diameter, 2 to 8 µm length

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3
Q

T/F Most bacteria are pleomorphic

A

FALSE, most are monomorphic

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4
Q

What are capsules made of?

A

sugars, polysaccharides

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5
Q

-Capsule and Slime layers
-External to cell wall
– Many bacteria produce it, but not all
-Viscous, gelatinous, sticky

A

Glycocalyx

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6
Q

_________: neatly organized, tightly attached, tight matrix; visible if treated with India ink
________: unorganized, loosely attached,
easily deformed

A

capsule
slime layer

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7
Q

What are the 3 functions of glycocalyx?

A

–attachment to surfaces
– Prevents dehydration/dessication
– virulence

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8
Q

What do capsules protect cells from?

A
  • phagocytosis (eating) by immune cells
  • help microbes adhere to body surfaces (attachment)

– Bacillus anthracis
– Streptococcus pneumoniae
– Klebsiella pneumoniae

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9
Q

what structure assists swimming in Bacteria (Archaella in
Archaea)?

A

flagella

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10
Q

Extracellular polymeric substance helps form what?

A

biofilms

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11
Q

Function of biofilms

A

Protects cells, helps microbes attach to surfaces

– Streptococcus mutans
– Vibrio cholerae

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12
Q

Bacteria Morphology

A

Bacillus
▪ Coccus
▪ Spiral
– Vibrio
– Spirillum
– Spirochete
▪ Star-shaped
▪ Rectangular

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13
Q

These are characteristics of what?
– long, thin appendages (15–20
nm wide) anchored in cell at
one end
– tiny rotating machines that push
or pull through liquid
– Use propeller-like movements to push bacteria

A

flagella

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14
Q

What are the 3 basic parts of flagellum structure?

A

Filament, hook, basal body

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15
Q

The speed of flagella increases or decreases depending on what?

A

proton motive force

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16
Q

What are the flagellar arrangements?

A

monotrichous: flagelli on one end
amphitrichous: flagelli on both ends
lophotrichous: flagelli grouped on one end
peritrichous: flagelli all over cell

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17
Q

Axial filaments are also called ______

A

endoflagella

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18
Q

Flagella allow bacteria to move toward or away from ______ (taxis)

A

stimuli

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19
Q

Some flagella are important in bacterial __________, e.g. H. pylori penetration through mucous coat?

A

pathogenesis

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20
Q

some flagella proteins are what and distinguish among serovars (e.g., Escherichia coli O157:H7?

A

H antigens

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21
Q

fimbrae are hairlike appendages that
allow for what? They are involved in the formation of?

A

-allow for attachment
-involved in formation of biolfilms

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22
Q

Where are axial filaments found?

A

Found in spirochetes
- Treponema pallidum (Syphilis);
- Borrelia burgdoferi (Lyme disease)

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23
Q

Rigid structure that:
* Surrounds cytoplasmic membrane
* Determines the shape of bacteria
* Prevents cell from bursting
(Osmotic lysis

A

bacterial cell wall

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24
Q

Rigidity of bacterial cell wall is due to

A

peptidoglycan (PTG)
- only in bacterial cell wall

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25
Q

T or F peptidoglycan has a common chemical structure?

A

false, it has a UNIQUE chemical structure
that distinguishes Gram- positive from Gram-negative

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26
Q

What domains are peptidoglycan (PTG) found in?

A

found only in bacteria

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27
Q

Basic structure of peptidoglycan ( 2 sugars)

A
  • N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
  • N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
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28
Q

How is Peptidoglycan stabilized?

A

horizontal / vertical cross- links containing peptide interbridges

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29
Q

1._________interferes with the formation of the peptide cross-bridges that link the peptidoglycan rows, weakening the 2._______ _____

A
  1. Penicillin
  2. Cell wall
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30
Q

What is the structure of the gram-negative cell wall?

A

PTG is between outer
membrane and cytoplasmic
membrane

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31
Q

Gram positive cells all commonly have what acid that gives cell what type of charge?

A

teichoic acids
negative charge

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32
Q

T/F The outer membrane of gram-negative cell is impermeable to many things

A

TRUE

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33
Q

Transmembrane protein channels for entrance and exit of solutes

A

Porins

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34
Q

lipoteichoic acids and teichoic acids are _________ bound to
membrane lipids

A

covalently

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35
Q

What are the 3 representative genera of Gram+?

A
  • Bacillus
  • staphylococcus
  • streptococcus
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36
Q

what is LPS: Gram-negative outer
leaflet membrane made of?

A

lipopolysaccharides not phospholipids

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37
Q

What are the 3 representative genera of Gram-?

A
  • Escherichia
  • Neisseria
  • Pseudomonas
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38
Q

2 Medically significant portions of LPS

A
  1. O-specific polysaccharide side chain
  2. Lipid A
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39
Q

LPS (lipopolysaccharides) serves as barrier to what?

A

large number of molecules

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40
Q

Why is the O-specific polysaccharide side chain important?

A

Used to identify certain species or strains (E. coli refers to specific O-side chain)

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41
Q

Portion that anchors LPS molecule in lipid
bilayer

A

lipid A

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42
Q

Lack peptidoglycan
– Typically lack outer membrane
– Most lack polysaccharide wall, instead have S-layer
(protein shell)

Which cell wall is described above?

A

Archaeal cell wall

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43
Q

Lipid A is a toxic __________ and can cause pain, fever, and damage to blood vessels

A

endotoxin

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44
Q

What destroys peptidoglycan (PTG) that is
found in human secretions and has major defense against bacterial infection?

A

lysozyme
(cleaves glycosidic bond between sugars)

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45
Q

In methanogens, which cell wall is similar to peptidoglycan?

A

pseudomurein

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46
Q

Archaeal cell wall cannot be destroyed by what?

A

lysozyme and penicillin

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47
Q

Penicillin blocks the formation of what?

A

peptide bridges in peptidoglycan

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48
Q

Why are Gram- bacteria not susceptible to penicillin like Gram+ bacteria?

A

Outer membrane of Gram-negative cell wall blocks access of penicillin

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49
Q

Which atypical cell wall is described below?

– Lack cell walls
– Sterols in plasma membrane may protect cell from lysis
– Cause mild pneumonia

A

Mycoplasmas

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50
Q

acid-fast, mycoplasmas, and archaea all have what in common?

A

atypical cell walls

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51
Q

-Similar to Gram-positive cell walls (thick peptidoglycan)
– Waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan
– Stain with carbolfuchsin
– Carbolfuchsin is not removed when rinsed with acid alcohol

A

acid-fast cell walls

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52
Q

Which atypical cell wall is described below?

  • Walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D-amino acids)
A

Archaea

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53
Q

what are the two Acid-fast genera?

A

– Mycobacterium
– Nocardi

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54
Q

Why is the external structure so important?

A
  • Many antibiotics target the cell wall
    -An outer membrane complicates treatment with antibiotics
  • allow for attachment to certain surfaces and gives structure
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55
Q

Define Plasma membrane

A

Surrounds cytoplasm and separates the cytoplasm from environment

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56
Q

What do Bacterial and eukaryotic cytoplasmic membranes have in common?

A

phospholipid bilayer
containing embedded proteins.

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57
Q

What is the main function of the plasma membrane?

A

selective permeability (nutrients
transported in and waste products out)

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58
Q

What do membrane proteins do in the plasma membrane?

A

facilitate reactions and
function in energy metabolism

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59
Q

What do phospholipids contain?

A
  • hydrophobic (water-repelling) components
  • hydrophilic (water-attracting) components
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60
Q

Each phospholipid contains what 2 things?

A

hydrophilic phosphate head and
hydrophobic fatty acid tail

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61
Q

T or F Proteins are not
stationary and are constantly changing position for various function hence the fluid mosaic model?

A

True

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62
Q

hydrophilic (head) = _______ + _________ and another
functional group

A

hydrophilic (head) = glycerol + phosphate and another
functional group

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63
Q

hydrophobic (tails) = ______ _____

A

Fatty acids

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64
Q

Membrane is embedded with numerous what that can function as receptors, transport gates, a mechanism to sense surroundings, etc?

A

proteins

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65
Q

______________: are on the inner or outer surface of the plasma membrane and loosely attached

___________: integral membrane proteins
____________: extend completely across
membrane

A

peripheral membrane
proteins

embedded proteins

Transmembrane proteins

66
Q

T or F the Cytoplasmic membrane is permeable to anything?

A

False, it is “selectively permeable”

67
Q

What are the 3 major functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  1. permeability barrier
  2. protein anchor
  3. energy conservation
68
Q

_____________: substances move from high concentration to low concentration; no energy
expended
____________: substances move from low concentration to high concentration; energy
expended

A

Passive Transport

Active Transport

69
Q

Energy conservation and consumption (METABOLISM) helps with what?

A
  • proton motive force (PMF)
  • enzymes for ATP production
70
Q

protein anchor does what?

A

Holds proteins in place.

71
Q

Archaeal cytoplasmic membranes have
what type of linkages in phospholipids of Archaea?

A

– Ether linkages

72
Q

Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis are all examples of which type of transport?

A

Passive Transport

73
Q

Define facilitated diffusion

A

Movement of ions or larger
molecules across the membrane.
- move WITH concetration gradient

74
Q

Bacteria and Eukarya have what type of linkages in phospholipids?

A

ester linkages

75
Q

Archaeal lipids have what instead of fatty
acids?

A

isoprenes instead

76
Q

movement of a solute from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration until evenly distributed

A

Simple diffusion

77
Q

In osmosis:
more water =
less water=

A

more water = less solute
less water= more solute

78
Q

the net movement of water across
a selectively permeable membrane
from an area of higher water
concentration (lower solute
concentration) to an area of lower
water concentration (higher solute
concentration)

A

osmosis

79
Q

Inflow of water exerts osmotic pressure on membrane. Membrane rupture is prevented by?

A

rigid cell wall of bacteria

80
Q

Match the word with the definition: hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic

  • __________: solute concentrations inside
    and outside of cell is same; water is at equilibrium– No net movement of water
  • ___________: solute concentration is lower
    outside than inside the cell; water moves into cell
  • ___________: solute concentration is
    higher outside of cell than inside; water moves out of cell
A
  • Isotonic: solute concentrations inside
    and outside of cell is same; water is at equilibrium– No net movement of water
  • Hypotonic: solute concentration is lower
    outside than inside the cell; water moves into cell
  • Hypertonic: solute concentration is
    higher outside of cell than inside; water moves out of cell
81
Q

The thick, aqueous, elastic, semitransparent substance
inside the plasma membrane

A

Cytoplasm

82
Q

Some disinfectants damage the plasma
membrane what are they?

A

– Alcohols
– Quaternary ammonium compounds
(detergents)

83
Q

Some antibiotics damage the plasma membrane name one?

A

– Polymyxin

84
Q

What is the cytoplasm made of?

A

Eighty percent water plus proteins, carbohydrates, lipids,
and ions

85
Q

Damage to plasma membrane causes what?

A

leakage of cell contents

86
Q

T/F Cytoplasm has DNA (nucleoid), ribosomes, and inclusions

A

TRUE

87
Q

which bacterial cell internal structures are essential for life?

A

– Chromosome
– Ribosome
- cell wall and membrane (but these are outer structures)

88
Q

The cytoskeleton in the cytoplasm functions in what 4 things?

A

– Cell division
– Maintaining cell shape
– Growth
– DNA movement

89
Q

Internal structures of Bacterial Chromosome/Nucleoid

  1. where is it?
  2. how many chromosomes?
  3. shape?
  4. does it contain all genetic
    information? (Y/N)
  5. Does it have a membrane and proteins?
A
  1. cytoplasm
  2. single chromosome
  3. Circular, double-stranded
    molecule
  4. YES
  5. NO membrane and proteins
90
Q

what internal structures are optional and can confer selective advantage?

A

– Plasmid
– Storage granules
– Endospores

91
Q

name the internal structure?
– small extrachromosomal
circles of DNA
* Generally 0.1% to 10% the size
of a chromosome (5-100 genes)
– Outside of the chromosome
* Independently replicating
– Encode characteristic

A

plasmids

92
Q

what are potential enhances of survival in plasmids even though they are not necessary for life?

A

– Antimicrobial resistance
– Production of toxins

93
Q

When the vegetative cell differentiates to a nongrowing,
heat-resistant, light-refractive structure what is it called?

A

Endorspore sporulation

94
Q

In which 2 cells and cell structure are ribosomes present?

A

Prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and cytoplasm

95
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

protein synthesis

96
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

Made of protein and ribosomal RNA
* (Prokaryotic) 70S:
* Eukaryotic 50S large + 30S small subunits

97
Q

What are the three steps in germination?

A

activation, germination, and outgrowth

98
Q

Specialized spores that are resistant to desiccation, heat, radiation, chemicals

A

endospores

99
Q

this is considered what type of mechanism?
Vegetative → Endospore → Vegetative

A

A survival mechanism; not a reproductive process

100
Q
  • __________: endospore formation
  • ___________: endospore returns to vegetative state
A

sporulation
germination

101
Q

endospores are ideal for dispersal via?

A

wind, water, or animal gut

102
Q

endospores are produced by members of what bacteria?

A

Bacillus and Clostridium (Gram-positive)

102
Q

What is germination triggered by?

A

Nutrient availability

103
Q

What special stain is used for germination?

A

malachite green

103
Q

*Bacteria in vegetative state
sense ______ and begin
sporulation.
*Vegetative cell will
___ while the spore
remains
* Spore will go back
to vegetative cell
when ________
___________ return

A

starvation

die

favorable conditions

104
Q

Eukaryotic plasma membrane is similar in chemical structure and function of cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryote in what way?

A

Phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins

105
Q

__________: Spore is at the end of the bacteria
__________: Spore is towards the end but not fully
__________: Spore is centered

A

Terminal
Subterminal
Central

105
Q

Eukaryotic plasma Membrane contains _________ for strength
* Animal cells contain _________
* Fungal cells contain ________

A

sterols
cholesterol
ergosterol

106
Q

what are the difference in sterols?

A

target for antifungal medications

107
Q

– Nucleus
– Ribosomes
– Endoplasmic
reticulum
– Golgi apparatus
– Lysosome and
vacuoles
– Mitochondria and
chloroplasts
– Peroxisomes
– microtubules, and
microfilaments.
– Flagella and cilia

In eukaryotic cells all of these are membrane bound? (T/f)

A

False, all are membrane bound except
– microtubules, and
microfilaments.
– Flagella and cilia

107
Q

DNA molecules are wrapped around proteins to form fibers called what?

Archaea also contain histones and nucleosomes; related to
__________?

A

chromatin / nucleosomes

eukarya

108
Q

What is the chemical structure of the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

108
Q

what is produced in the nucleolus?

A

ribosomes

109
Q

Each very long chromatin fiber twists and folds to form a condensed ___________?

A

chromosome

110
Q

Define nucleus

A

Double membrane structure (nuclear envelope) that
encloses the cell’s DNA

110
Q

what forms the folds of the mitochondrion?

A

cristae

111
Q

when one species lives inside another host
species (think of “Pac Man”

A

endosymbiosis

112
Q

which 2 organelles specialize in energy metabolism and have an endosymbiotic origin?

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

113
Q

The nucleus is enclosed by what two membranes?

A

nucleoplasm
(inner membrane) and cytoplasm (outer membrane)

113
Q

DNA is complexed with ________ proteins to form
________ / __________

A

histone
chromatin
nucleosomes

113
Q

the individual disks in chloroplasts are called what?

A

thylakoids

114
Q

where do light reactions occur in the chloroplasts?

A

thylakoids

115
Q

What happens to chromatin during mitosis and meiosis?

A

it condenses into chromosomes

115
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain circular DNA _______ and ________ (70S) similar to those of ________

A

genomes and ribosomes (70S) similar to those of Bacteria

116
Q

The nucleus contains a
darker area called a
_____________

A

nucleolus

116
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the only 2 organelles that have their own ____ and replication?

A

DNA

118
Q

A particular location within
the nucleus where ribosomes are made

A

Nucleolus

119
Q

DNA > RNA
RNA > DNA

A

Transcription
Translation

121
Q

What 2 things occur inside of the mitochondria?

A

cellular respiration and oxidative
phosphorylation for aerobic eukaryotes

122
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation uses _______ to harvest ________(ATP) from sugar molecule

A

oxygen
energy (ATP)

123
Q

________: folded internal membranes

▪ contain enzymes needed for respiration and ______ production

– ________ : innermost area of mitochondrion
▪ contains ______ acid enzymes

A

Cristae: internal; respiration & ATP
Matrix: citric acid

124
Q

What is the Energy Currency of Cell?

A

ATP (Adenosine Tri-Phosphate)

125
Q

Cloroplasts is a chlorophyll-containing organelle found in what?

A

Phototrophic eukaryotes and Algae cyanobacteria

126
Q

Where is the site of photosynthesis (the energy of sunlight in combination with
water and carbon dioxide is used to create molecules of sugar)?

A

Chloroplasts

129
Q

In chloroplasts the inner membrane surrounds ____, which contains large amounts of RuBisCO (key enzyme for ________ cycle that converts CO2 organics

A

stroma
RuBisCO
Calvin Cycle
CO2

133
Q

__________: flattened membrane discs contain chlorophyll and
ATP synthetic components, form proton motive force

A

thylakoids

135
Q

The ____________ and ___________likely originated from endosymbiosis

A

Mitochondria
chloroplasts

136
Q

Eukarya are hypothesized to have originated from what type of fusion of archaeal host and mitochondrial endosymbiont?

A

symbiotic fusion

137
Q

Define endosymbiosis

A

when one species lives inside another host species

138
Q

Rough ER has what that Smooth ER doesn’t??

A

Rough ER contains attached ribosomes; smooth does
not

139
Q

name the organelle:
Transport organelle
* Modifies proteins produced by rough ER
* Finishes, sorts, and ships cell products (FedEx of Cell)
* Transports modified proteins via secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane and other regions

A

Golgi apparatus

140
Q

what 4 things does the Golgi apparatus produce?

A

glycoproteins, lipoproteins, glycolipids, and lysosomes

141
Q

What are the two functions of the smooth ER?

A
  1. synthesis of lipids (fats,
    steroids, hormones)
  2. carbohydrate metabolism
142
Q

Flagella and Cilia Projections are used for what?

A

locomotion or moving substances along the cell surface

143
Q

What does the Rough ER produce?

A

glycoproteins and new membrane material

144
Q

Lysosomes are present in phagocytic cells and contain what 2 things?

A

digestive enzymes and recycling cell components

145
Q
  • Flagella-long projections; ____ in number
  • Cilia-short projections; _________
    – Structurally and functionally differ from prokaryotic flagella
A

Flagella-long projections; few in number
Cilia-short projections; numerous

146
Q

flagella and cilia are in ___________ cell structures while fimbriae, pili, AND flagella are in __________ (bacteria) cell structures

A

eukaryotic
prokaryotic

147
Q

The cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibers that provides what 3 functions?

A

Cytoskeleton

  1. mechanical support
    2.anchorage
  2. reinforcement
148
Q

what provides internal structural support in eukaryotic cells?

A

Cytoskeleton

149
Q

Microtubules 3 functions

A
  1. maintain shape
  2. facilitate motility
  3. move chromosomes and organelles
150
Q

Microtubules are hollow tubes 25 nm in diameter; composed of α- and β-tubulin
and aid in what 3 things?

A

cell shape
facilitate motility
move chromosomes and organelles

151
Q

What structure of the cytoskeleton maintain and change cell shape; involved in amoeboid motility
and cell division?

A

microfilaments

152
Q

Intermediate filaments maintain and position what?

A

maintain cell shape and position organelles

153
Q

What is the size of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

P: 0.2-2.0 µm in diameter
E: 10-100 µm in diameter

154
Q

microfilaments are 7 nm in diameter; polymers of actin protein aid in what 3 things?

A

change cell shape
involved in amoeboid motility
cell division

155
Q

Are membrane bound organelles absent or present in prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?

A

P: Absent
E: Present

156
Q

intermediate filaments are 8–12 nm in diameter; fibrous keratin proteins maintain what?

A

cell shape and position organelles

157
Q

What is the cell wall made of in prokaryotes?

A
  • Peptidoglycan (bacteria)
  • Pseudomurein (archaea)
158
Q

What is the cell wall made of in eukaryotes?

A

Cellulose & Chitin

159
Q

What is the number of ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

P: 70s
E: 80s

Intro to Microbio (16 decks)

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