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Intro to Microbio > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism is broken down into what two components?

A
  1. Anabolism (synthesis)
    2.Catabolism (decomposition)
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2
Q

new components (AKA biosynthesis)

A

synthesis

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3
Q

Energy production of nutrients to harvest energy

A

ATP PRODUCTION

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4
Q

Reactions that break down complex molecules

A

Catabolism

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5
Q

The total sum of chemical reactions of
biosynthesis and energy-harvesting is
termed

A

metabolism

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6
Q

Metabolic pathways employ 4 critical components to complete processes, what are they?

A
  1. ATP
  2. Enzymes
  3. Chemical energy source
  4. Electron carriers
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7
Q

Catabolism has what type of reactions?

A

Hydrolysis

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8
Q

Is catabolism or anabolism exergonic?

A

Catabolism

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9
Q

Reactions involved in the synthesis of cell components

A

Anabolism

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10
Q

Which type of reactions of metabolism require energy?

A

anabolic reactions

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11
Q

Which reactions involve dehydration synthesis?

A

Anabolism

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12
Q

name the metabolic pathways:

___________: starting compound leads to one end product
__________: starting compound branches out to form more than 1 end product
______________: starting compound follows a cycle to lead to one end product

A
  1. Linear Metabolic Pathway
  2. Branched Metabolic Pathway
  3. Cyclical Metabolic Pathway
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13
Q

What is known as the energy currency of the cell?

A

ATP

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14
Q

substrate phosphorylation uses what type of energy to add phosphate ion to molecule of ADP?

A

chemical energy

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15
Q

ATP is created by what three mechanisms?

A
  1. Substrate phosphorylation
  2. Oxidative phosphorylation
  3. Photophosphorylation
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16
Q

What are the components of ATP?

A

Nitrogen source (Adenine)—–Sugar (Ribose)——Phosphate group (3 negatively charged ions)

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17
Q

___________ phosphorylation uses energy from proton motive force to add
phosphate ion to ADP

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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18
Q

Define Collision Theory

A

chemical reactions occur when atoms, ions, and molecules collide

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19
Q

What is the collision energy required for a chemical reaction to occur

A

Activation Energy

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20
Q

which ATP formation utilizes radiant energy from sun to convert phosphorylate
ADP to ATP

A

photophosphorylation

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21
Q

T/F Reaction rate is the frequency of collisions containing enough energy to bring about a reaction

A

TRUE

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22
Q

proteins that act as biological catalysts and accelerate the conversion of substrate to product

A

enzymes

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23
Q

What 4 things increase reaction rates?

A
  1. enzymes
  2. increasing temp
  3. increasing pressure
  4. increasing concentration
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24
Q

How do you catalyze reactions?

A

by lowering activation energy

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25
Q

T/F Enzymes have specificity for particular substrates

A

TRUE

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26
Q

what is activation energy (A.E.)

A

Energy required to initiate a chemical reaction

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27
Q

catalysts ________ the rate
of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed in
the reaction

A

increase

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28
Q

T or F Enzymes cause the chemical reaction

A

False, enzymes do not cause the reaction they just facilitate it without being altered

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29
Q

Fill in the blank (mechanism of enzymatic action):

  1. Substrate contacts the enzyme’s active site to form ________-_______ complex
  2. Substrate is transformed and rearranged into ______, which are released from the enzyme
  3. Enzyme is __________ and can react with other substrates
A

1.enzyme–substrate complex

  1. products
  2. unchanged
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30
Q

The number of substrate
molecules an enzyme converts to a product per second

A

Turnover number
– Generally 1 to 10,000
– Can be as high as 500,000

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31
Q

name the components of holoenzyme: (Cofactor, Holoenzyme, Coenzyme, Apoenzyme)

_____________: protein portion (inactive when alone)

_________: non-protein component (e.g. Fe, Zn etc.)

__________: organic cofactor
(e.g. NADH)

__________: whole, active
enzyme form

A
  1. Apoenzyme
  2. Cofactor
  3. Coenzyme
  4. Holoenzyme
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32
Q

what suffix do enzymes typically end with?

A

-ase (lyase, isomerase, ligase, etc.)

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33
Q

Coenzymes are ________ ________that assist enzymes by serving as electron carriers

A

organic cofactors

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34
Q

What 4 coenzymes assist enzymes by serving as electron carriers?

A
  1. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
  2. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)
  3. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD+)
  4. Coenzyme A
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35
Q

Some enzymes act with the assistance of nonprotein components called
a what?
– e.g. Fe, Mn, Mg etc

A

cofactor

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36
Q

T/F Many coenzymes are derived from lipids

A

FALSE, they are derived from VITAMINS

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37
Q

Do Enzymes function in a narrow or large range of environmental factors?

A

narrow range

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38
Q

What 4 factors affect enzyme activity?

A

▪ Temperature
▪ pH
▪ Substrate concentration
▪ Inhibitors

39
Q

What do High temperature and extreme pH do to proteins?

A

Denature proteins

40
Q

If the concentration of substrate is _________ (high or low)
saturation, the enzyme catalyzes at
its maximum rate

A

If the concentration of
substrate is high (saturation), the
enzyme catalyzes at its maximum rate

41
Q

T/F Enzyme activity is most active b/w pH of 6-8

A

FALSE, pH 7-9

42
Q

T or F
All active sites have bound substrate. No free active sites

A

True

43
Q

What are competitive inhibitors?

A

fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the substrate

44
Q

Which type of reactions generally follow allosteric inhibition?

A

Anabolic reactions

45
Q

If a competitive inhibitor fills the active site of an enzyme what happens?

A

Rxn is blocked b/c inhibitor cannot become a product

46
Q

Allosteric inhibition indirectly changes what?

A

the shape of the active site

47
Q

___________: removal of electron
___________: gaining of electrons
___________: oxidation rxn paired with reduction rxn

A

Oxidation: removal of electron
Reduction: gaining of electrons
Redox: oxidation rxn paired with reduction rxn

OILRIG

48
Q

Mechanism for turning off the
reactions in a biosynthetic pathway

A

Feedback inhibition (allosteric regulation)

49
Q

In biological, what are removed at the same time; equivalent to
a hydrogen atom?

A

Electrons and Protons

50
Q

feedback/allosteric inhibition usually acts on the _____ enzyme in a metabolic pathway

A

first

51
Q

Biological oxidations are often _____________________

A

dehydrogenations

52
Q

In terms of electron carriers, reduced forms represent reducing power (more energy at a later time) due to what?

A

usable energy in bonds

53
Q

What type of reactions are NADH and FADH2 used in? NADPH?

A

Catabolic reactions (NADH, FADH2)
Anabolic reactions (NADPH)

54
Q
  1. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) carries how many protons and electrons?
  2. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD+) carries how many electrons and protons?
  3. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) carries how many protons and electrons?
A
  1. 2 electrons and 1 proton
  2. 2 electrons and 2 protons
  3. 2 electrons and 1 proton
55
Q

Energy released during oxidation-reduction reactions is trapped within the cell by what?

A

the formation of reducing
power (NADH, FADH2, NADPH)

56
Q

What are the two general processes of carbohydrate utilization?

A

– Cellular respiration
– Fermentation

57
Q

The addition of a phosphate to a chemical compound is called what?

A

Phosphorylation

58
Q
  1. which pathway is common in respiration and fermentation?
  2. what two things are present in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but absent in fermentation?
  3. which is the most energy efficient pathway?
A
  1. glycolysis
  2. Acetyl CoA and Krebs cycle
  3. Aerobic respiration
59
Q

In cellular respiration, where does the final electron acceptor come from and is it organic or inorganic?

A

Comes from outside of the cell, inorganic

60
Q

what is the order of Aerobic and
Anaerobic Respiration? (TCA cycle, Glycolysis, Electron transport chain, Transition step)

A

1.Glycolysis
2.Transition Step
3.TCA cycle (Krebs Cycle)
4.Electron Transport Chain

61
Q

how many ATP are used, how many are produced? NADH? and what is the net gain in glycolysis? how many pyruvates produced?

A

2 ATP used
4 ATP produced
2 NADH produced
2 ATP net gain
2 pyruvate produced

62
Q

How is ATP generated in glycolysis?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

63
Q

What is another term for glycolysis?

A

Embden-Meyerhof pathway

64
Q

which step links Glycolysis to Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle?

Modifies (3-C) pyruvate from glycolysis to (2-C) what?

Pyruvic acid is __________ and decarboxylated

A
  1. The transition step
  2. Acetyl CoA
  3. oxidized
65
Q

Yield from transition step?
1. Byproduct?

  1. Reducing power?
  2. Precursor metabolites?
A
  1. CO2
  2. NADH
  3. Acetyl CoA
66
Q

What are the TCA/Krebs Cycle reactants and products?

A

2 Acetyl CoA (reactant)

Products:
4 CO2 ( decarboxylation)
6 NADH
> Oxidation-reduction
2 FADH2
2 ATP

67
Q

the term for the process wherein ATP is
generated from ADP using the energy derived from the electron
transport chain?

A

chemiosmosis

68
Q

energy released from oxidation to reduction in oxidative phosphorylation is used to generate what in the electron transport chain?

A

ATP by chemiosmosis

69
Q

which of the three mechanisms (phosphorylation) occurs in the electron transport chain?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

70
Q

What are the 3 types of carrier molecules in the ETC?

A

flavoproteins, cytochromes, and ubiquinones

71
Q

Every time electrons are being transferred in The ETC, their energy is used to do what?

A

Pump protons out

72
Q

For aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is what? How many ATP does it produce?

A

Molecular oxygen (O2)

38 ATP (most efficient)

73
Q

ATP synthase harvests energy from ________________ to synthesize ATP

A

Proton motive force

74
Q

T or F anaerobic respiration is more energy efficient than aerobic respiration

A

False, aerobic respiration is the most efficient (produces 38 ATP). Anaerobic respiration is less efficient.

75
Q

Eukaryotic cells have theoretical maximum of _______ ATP

  \_\_\_\_\_\_ATP spent crossing mitochondrial membrane
A

36 ATP
- 2 spent crossing mitchondrial membrane

76
Q

In ATP Synthases how many ATP is formed from the entry of 3 protons?

One NADH (10 protons) produces how many molecules of ATP?

One FADH2 ( 6 protons) produces how many moleculees of atp?

A

ONE ATP

3 molecules of ATP

2 molecules of ATP

77
Q

ATP Yield During Prokaryotic Aerobic Respiration of One Glucose Molecule

10 NADPH = ________ ATP
+
2 FADH2 = ___________ ATP
+
2 + 2
= TOTAL ATP

A

10 NADPH = 30 ATP
+
2 FADH2 = 4 ATP
+
2 + 2
= 38 TOTAL ATP prokaryotic cells

78
Q

T/F The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
is O2

A

FALSE, it is not O2

79
Q

which 2 pathways does carbohydrate catabolism take place in the cytoplasm: in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

glycolysis
intermediate step

80
Q

Define fermentation

A

Releases energy from the oxidation of organic molecules

81
Q

where does carbohydrate catabolism take place for eukaryotes and prokaryotes in the Krebs cycle?

A

eukaryote: mitochondrial matrix
prokaryote: cytoplasm

82
Q

Does fermentation require oxygen?

A

NO

83
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in fermentation?

A

An organic molecule (pyruvate or a derivative)

84
Q

photophosphorylation occurs only what type of cells and provide an example?

A

photosynthetic cells with light-trapping pigments

e.g.: chlorophylls

85
Q

Types of Fermentation

A
  1. Lactic acid fermentation
  2. alcohol fermentation
86
Q

What are the 2 additional pathways of glycolysis and what is a key component that they BOTH produce?

A
  1. Pentose phosphate pathway
  2. Entner-Doudoroff pathway

NADPH

87
Q

In photophosphorylation, ATP is generated with the energy released from the oxidation of what?

A

chlorophyll

88
Q

what pathway consumes ATP, reducing power and precursor metabolites?

A

anabolic pathways

89
Q

T or F: Each chemical reaction requires use of an enzyme in order to occur fast enough

A

True

90
Q

which is catabolic and which is anabolic:
photosynthesis and respiration?

A

respiration is catabolic
photosynthesis is anabolic

91
Q

Which is more commonly used anabolism and catabolism between NADH and NADPH?

A

NADH - catabolism
NADPH - anabolism

92
Q

Light independent reactions take _____ and reducing power to
make ________ compounds

Light independent reactions are also known as what?

T/F Uses energy from light reactions to produce organic
compounds (breaks down ATP)

A

ATP; Organic

dark rxns or calvin cycle

TRUE

93
Q

How many ATP is used in dark rxns to make one sugar molecule?

A

54

Intro to Microbio (16 decks)

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