Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intro to Microbio > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

physical methods to control microorganisms (3)

A

– Low temperature storage
– Freezing
– Reducing available water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Freeze drying aka ___________ is widely used for what?

A

LYOPHILIZATION

preserve foods like coffee milk and meats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  1. __________ and __________ used in
    processed meats have been shown to be a potent carcinogen
  2. Numerous chemicals are
    used as _____________
    (Formaldehyde, phenols (animal tissues)
A
  1. nitrates and nitrites
  2. preservatives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  1. the suffix –cide means: to ____
  2. _________: chemical that destroys bacteria (not endospores)
  3. __________: a chemical that can kill fungal spores, hyphae, and yeasts
  4. _____________: a chemical that inactivates viruses
  5. _________: can destroy bacterial endospores
  6. _________ : and microbicide: chemical agents that kill microorganisms
A
  1. to kill
  2. bactericide
  3. fungicide
  4. virucide
  5. sporicide
  6. germicide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

_________removing and destroying all microbial life
____________ eliminates MOST pathogens
___________ heat treatment to reduce organisms that cause food spoilage
_______________ process used to delay spoilage of perishable items

A

sterilization

disinfection

pasteurization

preservation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Autoclaving, incineration and membrane filtration are all examples of what type of microbial control?

A

sterilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  1. the suffix –static means: to _____ _____
  2. ___________: prevent the growth of bacteria
  3. _________: inhibit fungal growth
  4. _____________: materials used to control the growth of microorganisms
A
  1. stand still
  2. bacteriostatic
  3. fungistatic
  4. microbiostatic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Regulated by–FDA
1. ____________ (living/animate surfaces)

EPA
2. _______________ (non-living/inanimate surfaces)

A
  1. antiseptics
  2. disinfectants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

disinfectants and antiseptics are examples of what type of microbial control?

A

disinfection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is microbial death?

A

cell structures become dysfunctional and entire cell sustains irreversible damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

germicidal agents cannot destroy ___________ while sterilants destroy all ____________

A
  1. endospores
  2. microorganisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In microbial death a cell can no longer do what?

A

reproduce/grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When does microbial death begin?

A

when a certain threshold of microbicidal agent is met.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

– Daily life
– Hospital
– Microbiology laboratories
– Food and food production facilities
– Water treatment

All of these factors can affect what?

A

Microbial control Methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

T/F Selection of an effective antimicrobial procedure has drawbacks and procedural parameters

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Effectiveness of treatment to kill microbes depends on what 4 things?

A
  1. # of microbes
  2. Environment (organic matter, temperature, biofilms)
  3. Time of exposure
  4. Microbial characteristics (endospores, cell wall)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

name 4 PHYSICAL methods of microbial control?

Chemical methods use a variety of what?

A
  • Heat
  • Irradiation
  • Filtration
  • Mechanical removal

antimicrobial chemicals

18
Q

What is the critical consideration for the type of microbe?

A
  • resistant or susceptible to methods
19
Q

What are the 5 resistant microbes?

A
  1. Bacterial endospores
  2. Protozoan cysts and oocysts
  3. Mycobacterium
    species
  4. Pseudomonas species
  5. Naked viruses
20
Q

what scientific term is being described below:

_______________
– Pasteur developed to avoid spoilage of wine
– Does not sterilize but significantly reduces organisms
– Used to increase shelf life of food
– Most protocols employ HTST method (High Temp Short Time)

A

pasteurization

21
Q

What resistant microbe is resistant to heat, drying, and numerous chemicals?

A

Bacterial endospores

22
Q

Protozoan cysts and oocysts are generally excreted in what?

  • what does it cause?
A

excreted in feces and cause diarrheal disease

23
Q
  1. _________ method (High Temp Short Time)
    * Heated to ___ °C and held for 15 seconds
  2. Other protocol _____ (Ultra High Temperature)
    * Heated to ____°C -150°C, held for several seconds then rapidly cooled
A
  1. HTSA method
    heated to 72 °C
  2. UHT Method
    heated to 140°C -150°C
24
Q

What resistant microbe has mycolic acid in their cell wall structure and initiates resistance?

A

Mycobacterium species

25
Q

Where do Pseudomonas
species grow?

A

in presence of many chemical disinfectants

26
Q

What do naked viruses lack and what are they more resistant to?

A

Lack envelope and are more resistant to chemical
killing

27
Q

Autoclave is _____________ steam and achieves sterilization at what temp, pressure and time?

Autoclave is effective against vegetative cells and endospores but not ______

Prions are destroyed under what conditions?

A

pressurized steam
121°C and 15psi in 15 min

prions

Prions destroyed at 132°C and 15psi for 4.5 hours

28
Q

which heat is more effective between dry heat and moist heat.

A

Moist heat is more effective because of the steam

29
Q

T/F Hot air sterilization is more effective than moist heat?

A

FALSE, Not as effective as moist heat & Sterilization requires longer times and higher temperatures

30
Q

What type of radiation is described below?

the radiation ejects orbital electrons from an atom causing ions to form

A

Ionizing radiation

31
Q

What type of radiation is described below?

excites atoms by raising
them to a higher energy
state but does not ionize
them
– UV: modifications and
breaks in DNA

A

Nonionizing radiation

32
Q

How do dry heat control conditions differ from autoclave control conditions? (temp/time)

A
  • 200°C for 1.5 hours (dry heat)
    vs.
  • 121°C for 15 minutes (autoclave)
33
Q
  1. T OR F: A-T bonds are harder to break than C-G bonds because A-T has 3 strands to bind while C-G only has 2
  2. Non-Ionizing Radiation
    (ultraviolet, 260 nm) damages DNA by creating what?
A
  1. FALSE, A-T bonds are easier to break than C-G bonds because A-T only has 2 strands to bind while C-G has 3
  2. thymine dimers
33
Q
  1. Solutions of 60% -80% isopropyl or ethyl alcohol kill vegetative bacteria and fungi but are not effective against what?
  2. Mode of action: coagulation of __________ and essential ___________
    – damage to lipid membranes
  3. Alcohol is commonly used as what?
A
  1. endospores and some naked viruses
  2. coagulation of proteins and essential enzymes
  3. antiseptic and disinfectant
34
Q
  • Biguanides
    -phenolics
    -quats

There 3 chemicals are used as controls to disinfect and sterilize what structure?

A

cytoplasmic membrane

35
Q
  • Alcohols
  • Aldehydes
  • Halogens
  • Metals
  • Ozone
  • Peroxygens
    -Phenolics

There chemicals are used as controls to disinfect and sterilize what?

A

proteins

36
Q
  1. The effectiveness of Hydrogen peroxide depends on what?
  2. Living tissue produces what that breaks down hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water?
  3. 2 reasons hydrogen peroxide is useful as disinfectant?
A
  1. surface being treated
  2. catalase enzyme

3.* Leaves no residue
* Doesn’t damage most materials

37
Q

What 2 chemicals are used as controls for DNA?

A
  • ethylene oxide
    -aldehydes
38
Q

________________ is a type of halogen that destroys all types of organisms and viruses (including spores)
_____________ is a type of halogen that is not reliable with endospores and is used in tincture or iodophore on skin

A

chlorine

iodine

39
Q

Heavy metal compounds combine with…?

A

enzymes and proteins

40
Q
  1. Mode of action for phenol (carbolic acid) (2)
  2. what does phenol kill?
  3. Is phenol reliable?
  4. what 2 phenols are used in soaps and lotions?
A
    • Destroy plasma membrane
      * Denature proteins
  2. most vegetative cells
    * Can kill mycobacterium at high concentrations.
  3. No, not on all groups of viruses
  4. Triclosan and hexachlorophene phenols
41
Q

Creams containing silver
sulfadiazine are used for what?

What are they available on?

A

prevent secondary infections

bandages for wound care

Intro to Microbio (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions