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Intro to Microbio > Ch.16 > Flashcards

Ch.16 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ability to ward off disease?

A

Immunity

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2
Q

define Susceptibility

A

Lack of resistance to a disease

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3
Q

Defenses against any pathogen; rapid, present at BIRTH (non-specific)

A

Innate immunity

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4
Q

T/F 1st and 2nd line of defenses are innate ( nonspecific)

Physical & chemical barriers, and genetic components are examples of what line of defense?

Inflammatory response, interferons, phagocytosis,, and complement are examples of what line of defense?

A

TRUE

1ST LINE

2ND LINE

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5
Q

BIGGER PICTURE IMMUNITY

  1. __________ (viruses, bacteria, fungi) —-> (1st line of defense) 2. ________, mucous membrane, antimicrobial substances —-> (2nd line of defense) Inflammation, fever, 3.__________ —–> (3rd line of defense) 4. __________ and __________ immunity
A
  1. pathogens
  2. skin
  3. phagocytes
  4. humoral and cellular immunity
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6
Q

T/F the 3rd line of defense is acquired & specific

give 2 examples of naturally acquired defense and determine whether they are active or passive

give 2 examples of artificially acquired defense and determine whether they are active or passive

A

TRUE

  1. infection (active)
  2. Maternal antibodies (passive)
  3. vaccination (active)
  4. immune serum (passive)
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7
Q

Which line of defense is the largest line of defense in immunity?

A

First line of defense

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8
Q

What are two physical barriers?

A
  1. skin (most visible)
  2. mucous membrane (lines tracts)
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9
Q

Both skin and mucous membranes are protected by a variety of chemical barriers (antimicrobial substances) including what four things?

A
  1. lysozyme
  2. sebum
  3. low pH (1.2 - 3.0) of gastric juices
  4. low pH (3 -5) of vaginal secretions
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10
Q

What are 3 examples of mucous membranes?

A
  1. Epithelial layer lines the gastrointestinal
  2. respiratory
  3. genitourinary tracts
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10
Q

Lysozymes degrade ______________ and are found in what 4 things?

A

peptidogylcan

tears
saliva
blood
phagocytes

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11
Q
  1. which structure in the first line of defense is not technically part of the immune system?
  2. what does this structure do?
A
  1. normal microbiota
  2. protects against pathogens through competitive exclusion
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11
Q

What is the function of sebum?

A

forms a protective film and lowers the pH (3–5) of skin

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12
Q

What is a better way to treat antibiotics instead of using antibiotics?

A

Florastor

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13
Q

what 2 things happen in competitive exclusion?

A
  • Competes for space, covers binding sites, – Pathogens can’t bind
  • Competes for nutrients
    – Nutrients unavailable for pathogens
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15
Q
  1. Cells of immune system have
    elaborate communication system, how is it achieved?
  2. Proteins act as ________ _________, called cytokines
A
  1. through production of proteins
  2. chemical messengers
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16
Q

HUMAN BODY PICTURE

Lysozyme, peroxidase, and lactoferrin are the antimicrobial factors in __________

Remove inhaled particles: _______

Mucus, cilia: ________ _______

Physical barrier, fatty, acids, sweat, normal flora: ___________

Acid in stomach = low or high pH?

T/F pH does not change from stomach to upper intestine

Flushing of urinary tract: __________

A

saliva

nose

normal flora

skin

low

false, pH changes rapidly

uterus

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17
Q

what are the “eyes” and “ears” of the cell

A

Cell surface receptors

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18
Q

___________ are the “voice”

A

cytokines

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19
Q

which receptors allow cells to “see”
molecules signifying presence of microbes
outside the cell?

A

TLR Toll-Like receptors

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20
Q

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are present on what?

What do PRRs do?

A

HOST (immune cells / “self”)

alerts the body when the first line barriers have been breached
and pathogens have entered the body

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21
Q

What do PRRs recognize?

A

pathogen- or damage-associated
molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs)

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22
Q

Where are PAMPs and DAMPs found?

T/F PAMPS/DAMPS are found in the pathogen

A

bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi

TRUE

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23
Q

Two major forms of innate immune sensors, which provide immediate responses
against pathogenic invasion or tissue injury.

^ what do these two things do?

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) & NOD-like receptors (NLRs)

Enable cells to sense invasion

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24
Q

T or F TLR found in very few cell types

T or F NLR do same as TLRs for inside
cell (cytoplasm)

A

False, found in a variety

True

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25
Q

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on host cells attach to what?

TLRs bound to these patterns release what?

A

PAMPs

cytokines

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26
Q

Where are cells of the immune systems always found?

A

in normal blood

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27
Q

When is the second line of defense triggered?

A

sensor systems go off telling the body something has gotten passed the first line of defense

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28
Q

4 main components of the 2nd line of defense?

A

4 Main Components:
1. Complement
2. Interferon
3. Phagocytosis
4. Inflammation

29
Q

T and B cells make up __________ in hematopoiesis?

A

Lymphocytes

30
Q

Define hematopoiesis

A

blood cell formation

31
Q

Where do blood cells and immune cells originate from?

A

hematopoietic stem cells in bone
marrow

32
Q

What makes up WBC?

A

Neutrophils (60%-70%)
lymphocytes (20%-25%)
Monocytes (3-8%)
Eosinophils (2-4%)
Basophils (0.5-1%)

33
Q

What is the normal WBC

A

normal: 4000–11,000/ ul

34
Q

Where do monocytes circulate?

What 2 things can macrophages differentiate into?

A

in blood

Macrophages or Dendritic

35
Q

High WBC counts may indicate what?

A

bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases, or side effects of medication

36
Q

Which type of cells function as “scouts” in tissue?

What are present in most tissues (liver, spleen, nodes,etc.)?

A

Dendritic cells

Macrophages

37
Q

viral infections, pneumonia, autoimmune diseases, extremely severe bacterial infections, side effects of medications, or
cancers all indication of what?

A

Low WBC counts

38
Q

What is an important concept in immunity?

A

Differentiating self vs. nonself

39
Q

What are the primary organs in the lymphatic system?

A

Bone marrow and Thymus

40
Q

Lymph is basically a filtration system in the _____________ system that removes __________?

A

lymphoid system

removes pathogens

41
Q

Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils,
etc. are part of which type of organs in the lymphatic system?

A

Secondary organs

42
Q

Carry lymph to body tissues

A

Lymphatic vessels

43
Q

Where does lymph carry microbes to?

What 3 things encounter and destroy the pathogen?

A

lymph nodes

  1. B and T lymphocytes,
  2. macrophages
  3. dendritic cells
44
Q

The pathways of the complement system?

A

Alternative pathway, Lectin pathway, and classical pathway

45
Q

How many proteins are in the complement system?

Where are these proteins secreted?

What does the complement system do?

A

30 serum proteins

liver

enhances the immune system in destroying microbes

46
Q

T/F The complement system is a part of the innate immune system but can be recruited by the
adaptive immune system

T/F The complement system acts in response to stimuli

A

TRUE

TRUE

47
Q

How does the complement system destroy microbes?

A

cytolysis, opsonization, and inflammation

48
Q

PHAGOCYTES:

predominate early in initial phase of a
bacterial infection (“first responders”)

dominate later (“clean-up crew”)

A

Neutrophils

Macrophages

49
Q

In _____________ activated complement proteins create a membrane
attack complex (MAC)

A

Cytolysis

50
Q

What does opsonization promote?

A

attachment of a phagocyte to a microbe

51
Q

In inflammation Activated complement proteins bind to mast cells, causing them to release ___________ and other
_______________ _______

A

histamine
inflammatory cytokines

52
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

the ingestion of a microorganism or other substance by a cell

53
Q

Professional” phagocytes include what 2 things?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Macrophages
54
Q

T/F Fixed macrophages (histiocytes) are residents in only
tissues

__________ __________roam tissues and gather at sites of infection

A

FALSE, tissues AND organs
Free (wandering) macrophages

55
Q

The 4 mechanisms of phagocytosis are?

A
  1. chemotaxis
  2. Adherence
  3. Ingestion
  4. Digestion
56
Q

PUT THE STEPS OF PHAGOCYTOSIS IN ORDER:

A. Fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome

B. Digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes

C. Formation of a phagosome

D. Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte

E. Ingestion of microbe by phagocyte

F. Discharge of waste materials

G. Formation of residual body containing indigestible material

A
  1. D
  2. E
  3. C
  4. A
  5. B
  6. G
  7. F
57
Q

What are the 3 types of interferons?

T/F IFN- a and IFN-b are produced by viral-infected host cells

A

IFN- alpha, beta, and lambda

TRUE

58
Q

what are Interferon (IFN) involved against?

A
  1. viruses,
  2. other microbes
  3. intercommunication
59
Q

When does inflammation occur?

A

in response to tissue damage or microbial invasion

60
Q
  1. T or F Interferons bind to cell surfaces
    and induce changes in genetic expression
  2. IFNs ________ the expression of cancer
    genes and have tumor suppressor effects?
A

True

inhibit

61
Q

What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

– Heat
– Pain
– Redness
– Swelling

62
Q

T/F Clotting after abrasion is to prevent further infection

A

TRUE

63
Q

Neutrophils and Macrophages are both __________

A

phagocytic

64
Q

What is margination?

A

phagocytes stick to the endothelium

65
Q

OUTCOMES OF INFLAMMATION

T/F Intent is to limit damage and restore function

T/F If inflammation is limited to area of injury, damage
is usually large

T/F If inflammation results in delicate systems,
consequences are more severe

A

TRUE

FALSE, damage is nominal (small)

TRUE

66
Q

phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells

A

Diapedesis

67
Q
  1. what are pyrogens?
  2. Fever-inducing cytokines
  3. Microbial products
A
  1. fever-inducing substances
  2. endogenous pyrogens
  3. exogenous pyrogens
68
Q

Resulting fever inhibits growth of pathogens by elevating?

A

temperature above maximum growth
temperature

69
Q

Define genetic resistance

T/F sickle cell trait and Plasmodium falciparum (malaria) are examples of genetic resistance

T/F Very young and elderly are more resistant to disease

A

Confers a selective survival advantage

TRUE

FALSE, they are more SUSCEPTIBLE

Intro to Microbio (16 decks)

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