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Intro to Microbio > ch.17 > Flashcards

ch.17 Flashcards

1
Q

How long does adaptive immunity take to build after the first exposure of an invader?

A

a week or more

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2
Q

what is Adaptive immunity?

A

defenses that target a specific pathogen after exposure

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3
Q

when is adaptive immunity activated?

A

when innate defenses fail to stop a microbe

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4
Q

how is adaptive immunity acquired?

A

through infection or vaccination

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5
Q

T/F Adaptive immunity has memory

T/F Response has molecular specificity

A

TRUE
TRUE

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6
Q

What two paths is adaptive immunity divided into?

A
  1. Humoral immunity
  2. Cellular immunity
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7
Q
  1. In adaptive immune response what happens if the same pathogen is encountered again?
  2. T or F, later interactions (sec. response) with the same foreign substance is slower and less effective due to “memory”
A
  1. a stronger secondary response result
  2. False, faster and more effective due to “memory”
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8
Q

Humoral immunity is mediated by what cell?

What does humoral immunity eliminate?

A

B-cell mediated

extracellular pathogens and toxins

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9
Q

Cellular immunity is mediated by what cell?

Cellular immunity eliminates what?

A

T-cell mediated

intracellular pathogens (Intracellular viruses; cancer cells; some intracellular bacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and Listeria monocytogenes)

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10
Q
  1. Humoral immunity is mediated by what?
  2. B cells are created and mature in what?
  3. B-cells produce antibodies that combat foreign molecules known as ___________?
A
  1. B-lymphocytes (B-cells)
  2. red bone marrow
  3. antigens
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11
Q
  1. In response to extracellular antigens, B-cells are triggered to do what?
  2. Produce _ - _______ _________ called antibodies
  3. Some B cells form what?
A
  1. proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
  2. Y-shaped proteins
  3. long-lived memory B cells
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12
Q

Where do T-cells develop?

Where do they mature?

A

stems cells in the bone marrow

Thymus

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13
Q

T/F Mature T cells respond to all types of antigens

_____ -____ __________ on the T cell surface recognize __________,
causing the T cells to secrete __________ instead of antibodies

A

FALSE, they only respond to one type of antigen

T-cell receptors (TCRs)
antigens
cytokines

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14
Q

If B and T cells are adaptive and specific, how do they develop and what do they do?

A
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15
Q

Early in development of B & T cells, lymphocytes do what?

A

form and mature to have their specific receptor

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16
Q

What are the 2 subsets of T-cells?

A
  • Cytotoxic T cells
    – Helper T cell
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17
Q

Where do T- and B- cells reside once mature?

A

blood and lymphoid organs

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18
Q

The lymphoid system is designed for what? to bring B- and T-cells in contact with what?

A

to bring B- and T-cells in contact with what

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19
Q

What percent of B & T cells are deleted?

A

B cells: 90% clonal
T cells: 98% deletion

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20
Q

What do B cells and T cells have that function to recognize specific antigens?

A

membrane-bound receptors

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21
Q
  1. specific antibody the B cell is programmed to make
  2. does not recognize free antigen; must be presented by body’s own cells
A
  1. BCR
  2. TCR
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22
Q
  1. Where does an antigen come from?
  2. what is an immunogen?
A
  1. anti-body generator
  2. Antigen that elicits immune response
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23
Q

good antigens have mostly __________ molecules while weak antigens are ____________?

A

protein, polysaccharide

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24
Q

Lymph is similar to _________ but contains
__________and lack ________

A

blood
leukocytes
RBCs

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25
Q

Lymph nodes contain high concentrations of what?

A

lymphocytes and phagocytes

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26
Q

whole microbial cells and viruses, foreign human or animal cells, plant molecules, and complex molecules with several epitopes are considered good antigens OR bad antigens?

A

Good antigens

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27
Q

T/F ALL immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens

A

TRUE

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28
Q

T/F Epitopes are the reactive region of an antigen

What do epitopes trigger?

T/F Epitopes are regions of macromolecules
-10 or so amino acids;
shapes; 2D

A

TRUE

IMMUNE RESPONSE

FALSE, 3D not 2D

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29
Q

small organic molecules that are antigenic but not immunogenic

A

Haptens

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30
Q

When can haptens function as an immunogen?

A

when coupled to a larger
carrier protein

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31
Q

What makes something a poor antigen?

A

small molecules not attached to a carrier

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32
Q

___________: Naive B cell deliver cytokines to T helper cells

___________: plasma cells produce antibodies

___________: antibodies bind to antigen

A

Activation

Proliferation and differentiation

Effector action and consequence

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33
Q
  1. T or F, Most are T-dependent antigens requires B cell confirmation from TH cell to be activated?
  2. T-independent antigens activate B cells (with OR without?) TH cell help; include lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and molecules
    with repeating subunits such as some carbohydrates
A
  1. True
  2. WITHOUT TH cell help
34
Q
  1. In humoral immunity what are the compact soluble proteins called?
  2. Ig’s recognize and bind to specific antigens, targeting them for __________
A
  1. immunoglobulins (Ig)
  2. destruction
35
Q

What do B-cells produce?

What type of proteins do antibodies contain that are soluble?

A

Antibodies

immunoglobulins

36
Q

Which antigen-antibody interaction reduces the number of infectious units to be dealt with?

A

Immobilization/ Agglutination

37
Q
  1. An antibody is made up of how many amino acids and what shade do they form?
  2. How many identical light chains and identical heavy chains joined by disulfide
    links?
A
  1. Made of four amino acid chains form a Y shape
  2. Two of each
38
Q
  1. When do antigen–antibody complex form?
  2. Strength of the bond is the
A
  1. when antibodies bind to antigens
  2. affinity
39
Q

In antigen antibody reaction, all of the following protect the host by what?
▪Agglutination
▪ Opsonization
▪ Neutralization
▪ Activation of the complement system
▪ Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

A

tagging foreign molecules or cells for destruction

40
Q

What is opsonization?

A

coating the antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis

41
Q

what does complement activation cause?

A

inflammation and cell lysis

42
Q

What two things does neutralization block?

A
  1. adhesion of bacteria &viruses to mucosa
  2. attachment of toxin
43
Q
A
44
Q

In Antibody- dependent cell mediated immunity, what do antibodies attached to target cells cause?

A

destruction by macrophages, eosinophils, and NK cells

45
Q

which cells make 5 different classes of antibodies (IgM, IgG, IgD,
IgA, IgE)

A

B-cells

46
Q

Antibodies that came from the same activated B-cell, all have the same what?

A

antigen binding site

47
Q

name the antibody class that is:
▪Major Ig in secretions (breast milk, saliva, tears, mucus)
-60-70% of total antibody production

A

IgA

48
Q
  1. Where is IgA found and how much percent?
  2. IgA antibody class is:
    - monomer in __________
    - __________ in secretions
A
  1. ▪Found in secretions
    ▪10 - 13 % of serum Ab
  2. monomer in serums
    dimer in secretions
49
Q

Which antibody class is the most abundant in the serum ?

T/F The structure of this antibody is polymer

IgG is the only antibody that can cross what?

A

IgG

FALSE, its structure = MONOMER

the placenta

50
Q

DAILY PRODUCTION of which antibody class is greater than any other Ig class?

A

IgA

51
Q

activation of B-cells

clonal deletion eliminates harmful B cells in which cell and where?

A

Memory cells, bone marrow

52
Q

B cells once activated, differentiates into what 2 things?

  1. Memory cells
A
  1. Antibody-producing plasma cells
    1. Memory cells
52
Q

IgE is responsible for what?

T/F IgE is barely detectable in circulation

A

Mediate hypersensitivity reactions
(hay fever, asthma, hives,
anaphylactic shock)

TRUE

53
Q

Which antibody class is <1% of total antibody circulation?

T/F this antibody class is maturation of antibody response

A

IgD

TRUE

54
Q

Where do B cells reside and interact with antigens?

T/F Every B cell has the same BCR (B cell Receptor)

A

in lymphoid
organs (spleen and lymph nodes)

FALSE, every b cell has a UNIQUE receptor

55
Q

In Clonal SELECTION when is the B cell activated?

A

when its B-cell
receptor (BCR) binds to its antigen

56
Q
  1. Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells are considered which kind
    of cell (APC)?
  2. what activates macrophages?
A
  1. Antigen presenting cell
  2. cytokines
57
Q

In Clonal EXPANSION what two things do the activated B cells proliferate and differentiate into?

A

-Plasmocytes/plasma cells
-memory B cells

58
Q

In cellular immunity
Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC I and II) is used for what?

list the 3 below

A

display processed antigens
1. dendritic cells
2. macrophages
3. B cells

59
Q

Name the two types of MHC

A
  1. Class I MHC
  2. Class II MHC
60
Q

MHC class I binds what? MHC class II?

A

MHC I: endogenous antigen (T-cytotoxic cells)
MHC II: exogenous antigen
(T-Helper cells)

61
Q
  1. where is Class I MHC present?
  2. In Class I MHC, antigen-presentation happens to which cells?
A
  1. on the membrane of ALL nucleated cells
  2. T cytotoxic cells
62
Q

TC cells recognize antigen presented on MHC
class ____ molecules

TH cells recognize antigen presented on MHC
class _____ molecules

TC cells respond to _____________antigens

TH cells respond to _______
antigens

CLUSTER DIFFERENTIATION (CD)
TC cells usually have _____
* TH cells usually have ______

A

MHC Class I

MHC Class II

endogenous

exogenous

CD8
CD4

63
Q
  1. Which Class of MHC is on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) including B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells?
  2. Antigen-presentation to which cells in this class of MHC?
A
  1. Class II MHC
  2. T helper cell
64
Q

T or F The role of T cells is different from
B cells?

A

True

65
Q

What two things do T-cells combat?

A
  1. intracellular pathogens
  2. abnormal host cells such as cancer cells
66
Q
  • T cells never produce ____________
  • does T cell receptor bind with free antigen?
A

antigens

no, Antigen must be present by APC

67
Q
  1. which 2 cells help innate and adaptive immune cells?
  2. which 2 cells help us fight viral infections and cancers?
A
  1. CD4+ or TH cells
  2. CD8+ or TC cells
68
Q

What eliminates immature and self-reactive T-cells?

A

Thymic selection

69
Q

What is known as programmed cell death?

What does it prevent?

A

Apoptosis

  • spread of infectious viruses into other cells
70
Q

*T cell receptors (TCRs) recognize antigens
presented where and by what?

A

on MHC II by Antigen presenting cells
(APC)

71
Q

TH cells produce cytokines and activates what 3 things?

A

B-cells, macrophages and CTLs (cytotoxic T-lymphocytes)

72
Q

_______ ________: immune response on first exposure to an
antigen
* ________ _______: occurs after the second exposure to an
antigen

A

Primary response
Secondary response

73
Q
  1. T cytotoxic cells are activated into what?
  2. CTLs recognize intracellular antigens presented by?
  3. CTLs Induce __________ in target cell
  4. CTL releases what 2 things?
A
  1. cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)
  2. MHC I
  3. apoptosis
  4. perforin and granzymes
74
Q

what do Granular leukocytes destroy?
-use perforin and granzymes

  1. T or F Not stimulated by antigen, Hence considered as a part of innate immune response?
A

cells that don’t express MHC I

true

75
Q
  1. what is Naturally acquired immunity?
  2. Immunization mimics these
    events by inducing what?
A
  1. acquisition of adaptive immunity through natural events
  2. artificially acquired immunity
76
Q

Define class switching

T/F Class switching is short and does not last many days

A

Initial IgM response shifts to IgG,
IgE, or IgA, occurs

FALSE, it lasts many days

77
Q

What is known as the relative amount of antibody in the serum?

A

Antibody titer

78
Q

Active immunity results from what?

T/F Active immunity can develop
naturally (following illness)

When can active immunity develop artificially?

A

immune response
upon exposure to an antigen

TRUE

after immunization

79
Q
  1. which type of adaptive immunity:
    - Occurs naturally during pregnancy
    * IgG from mother crosses placenta (Infers protection to the baby)
A

passive immunity

80
Q
  1. How does passive immunity occur?
  2. Artificial passive immunity involves
    transfer of what?
A
  1. occurs naturally as result of breast feeding
  2. antibodies produced by another person or animal
81
Q

What are the four types of immunity?

A
  1. Naturally acquired active
    immunity (infection)
  2. Naturally acquired passive
    immunity (transplacental)
  3. Artificially acquired active
    immunity (immunization)
  4. Artificially acquired passive
    immunity (antibodies)

Intro to Microbio (16 decks)

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