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Bisc 316 > Lab 8: Bones 2 > Flashcards

Lab 8: Bones 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the function of the centrum

A

attach to other vertebrae

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2
Q

Describe the function of the neural arch

A

extends dorsal from the centrum to protect the nerve cord

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3
Q

Describe the function of the neural canal

A

nerve cord runs through

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4
Q

Describe the function of the neural spine

A

supports the muscle attachment to the spine

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5
Q

Describe the function of the transverse process

A

allows additional surface area for muscle attachment and may support ribs

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6
Q

Describe the function of the prezygaphohyses

A

adjacent vertebrae on the anterior side allowing mobility and stabilizing

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7
Q

Describe the function of the postgapohyses

A

adjacent vertebrae on the posterior side allowing mobility and stabilizing

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8
Q

What are the 2 strategies that allow the articulation of the skull and what are the bones envolved?

A

1) hinge and pivot joint
2) ball and socket joint

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9
Q

describe the hinge and pivot method

A

the 2 occipital condyles connect with the atlas like a hinge the the axis connects to the Altas to make a pivot joint allowing rotation

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10
Q

describe the ball and socket method

A

one single occipital condyle articles with the altas lot make the ball and socket joint

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11
Q

what is the order of the section of the spine

A
  • cervical
  • trunk (thoracic and lumbar)
  • sacral
  • caudal
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12
Q

what animal has a urostyle and why?

A

frog- allows for the jumping and swimming

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13
Q

what are the types of foot adaptations?

A

plantigrade
digitigrade
unguligrade

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14
Q

what is plantigrade’s structure?

A

phalange’s and metatarsal on the floor

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15
Q

why is digitigrade?

A

phalanges on the floor

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16
Q

why is unguligrade?

A

only hooves (modified claws) on the floor

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17
Q

what is the type of joint is formed by the scapula and humerus?

A

ball and socket

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18
Q

what is the type of joint formed by the pelvis and the femur?

A

ball and socket

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19
Q

what is the glenoid fossa of the pectoral girdle?

A

where the humerus attaches to the scapula

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20
Q

what is the acetabulum on the pelvic girdle?

A

where the femur attaches to the pelvic girdle

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21
Q

why can you shrug your shoulders but not your hips

A

the pelvic girdle if fused to the vertebral column but the pectoral girdle is not. it is attached by muscles

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22
Q

explain how the bird vertebrae are modified to form the synacrum and why

A

the sacral vertebrae is fused with others to form a rigid but light veterbral column (other than neck) for powered flight

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23
Q

explain how the bird vertebrae are modified pygostyle and why

A

the caudal vertebrae fused to a boney plate called pygostyle to support and control the feathers of the tail

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24
Q

why is the keel of the bird important

A

it allows a large surface area for the muscles of the power stroke to attach to

25
Q

what is the triosseal foramen and the function?

A

runs the tendon of muscle, which attaches to the sternum and the dorsal side of the humerus, and lifts the wing upwards in flight.

26
Q

what is the furcula and the function

A

above the sternum, strengthening of the thoracic skeleton to withstand the rigors of flight.

27
Q

how many digits are on the forelimb of the bird and how are the modified?

A

3 - no digits protect the wingspan

28
Q

how many digits are on the forelimb of the archaeopteryx and how are the modified?

A

3- all the digits are elongated

29
Q

how many digits are on the forelimb of the pterosaur and how are the modified?

A

4 - supports the outline of the wing

30
Q

how many digits are on the forelimb of the bat and how are the modified?

A

5
2-5 support the wing

31
Q

what provides the wing surface on birds and how is this supported by the digits?

A

feathers off the forelimb bones

32
Q

what provides the wing surface on archaeopteryx and how is this supported by the digits?

A

the cheiropatgium comes off 2,3 digits and the forearm

33
Q

what provides the wing surface on pterosaur and how is this supported by the digits?

A

the cheiropatgium comes of digit 4

34
Q

what provides the wing surface on bat and how is this supported by the digits?

A

the cheiropatigium is supported by digits 2-5

35
Q

how are the limbs of the bird modified for non flight locomotion?

A

walks

36
Q

how are the limbs of the archaeopteryx modified for non flight locomotion?

A

walking with legs

37
Q

how are the limbs of the pterosaur modified for non flight locomotion?

A

digits 1-3 are used for walking along legs

38
Q

how are the limbs of the bat modified for non flight locomotion?

A

they crawl

39
Q

how do birds use their tails? how is it adapted for that purpose?

A

aerodynamics

40
Q

how do archaeopteryx use their tails? how is it adapted for that purpose?

A

balance when walking

41
Q

how do pterosaur use their tails? how is it adapted for that purpose?

A

nothing

42
Q

how do bats use their tails? how is it adapted for that purpose?

A

connected to the cruropatgium for flight dynamics

43
Q

what type of teeth do birds have?

A

edentate

44
Q

what type of teeth do archaeopteryx have?

A

homodont teeth

45
Q

what type of teeth do pterosaur have?

A

homodont teeth with a long snout

46
Q

what type of teeth do bats have?

A

specialized teeth for wide range diet

47
Q

how is keratin created?

A

by the dead cells and keratin left on outermost layer of the epidermis called “stratum corneum” this process is called cornification

48
Q

name one or more ways that lepidosaurs use keratin

A

claws and scales

49
Q

compare the prepped skin with the naturally shed skin

A

prepped was shiny, hydrated leathery? natural is rough

50
Q

how can the lepidosaurs be flexible and tough as the same time

A

the scales itself are hard and tough but there thin flexible region called hinges

51
Q

name at least 3 structures of the turtle that is made of keratin

A

beak, claw, scales & shell (plastron and carapace)

52
Q

what is the plastron and the carapace

A

plastron is the bottom (ventral) and carapace is the top (dorsal)

53
Q

explain the difference between pennaceous and plumulaceous feathers

A

pennaceous- flight dynamics (long)
plumulacepus - warmth (short and fuzzy)

54
Q

describe the 3 examples of modified Bird feet

A

webbed- moist places and swimming
cactus looking feet (American coot)- dry gravely area
fuzzy (willow ptarmigan) - cold

55
Q

name at least 3 structures of mammals that are made of keratin

A
  • nails/hooves/claws
  • horns
  • hair/fur
  • beaver tail
  • quils
56
Q

how are nails, claws and hooves similar?

A

nails are flatten claws and hooves are fused claws

57
Q

what is the function of fur?

A

lentgh or thickness is for warmth
colour is for sexual selection

58
Q

what is the difference between a horn and an antler

A

antlers shed and regrow
horns don’t shed and grow forever

Bisc 316 (17 decks)

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