Lab 8: Bones 2 Flashcards
Describe the function of the centrum
attach to other vertebrae
Describe the function of the neural arch
extends dorsal from the centrum to protect the nerve cord
Describe the function of the neural canal
nerve cord runs through
Describe the function of the neural spine
supports the muscle attachment to the spine
Describe the function of the transverse process
allows additional surface area for muscle attachment and may support ribs
Describe the function of the prezygaphohyses
adjacent vertebrae on the anterior side allowing mobility and stabilizing
Describe the function of the postgapohyses
adjacent vertebrae on the posterior side allowing mobility and stabilizing
What are the 2 strategies that allow the articulation of the skull and what are the bones envolved?
1) hinge and pivot joint
2) ball and socket joint
describe the hinge and pivot method
the 2 occipital condyles connect with the atlas like a hinge the the axis connects to the Altas to make a pivot joint allowing rotation
describe the ball and socket method
one single occipital condyle articles with the altas lot make the ball and socket joint
what is the order of the section of the spine
- cervical
- trunk (thoracic and lumbar)
- sacral
- caudal
what animal has a urostyle and why?
frog- allows for the jumping and swimming
what are the types of foot adaptations?
plantigrade
digitigrade
unguligrade
what is plantigrade’s structure?
phalange’s and metatarsal on the floor
why is digitigrade?
phalanges on the floor
why is unguligrade?
only hooves (modified claws) on the floor
what is the type of joint is formed by the scapula and humerus?
ball and socket
what is the type of joint formed by the pelvis and the femur?
ball and socket
what is the glenoid fossa of the pectoral girdle?
where the humerus attaches to the scapula
what is the acetabulum on the pelvic girdle?
where the femur attaches to the pelvic girdle
why can you shrug your shoulders but not your hips
the pelvic girdle if fused to the vertebral column but the pectoral girdle is not. it is attached by muscles
explain how the bird vertebrae are modified to form the synacrum and why
the sacral vertebrae is fused with others to form a rigid but light veterbral column (other than neck) for powered flight
explain how the bird vertebrae are modified pygostyle and why
the caudal vertebrae fused to a boney plate called pygostyle to support and control the feathers of the tail
why is the keel of the bird important
it allows a large surface area for the muscles of the power stroke to attach to
what is the triosseal foramen and the function?
runs the tendon of muscle, which attaches to the sternum and the dorsal side of the humerus, and lifts the wing upwards in flight.
what is the furcula and the function
above the sternum, strengthening of the thoracic skeleton to withstand the rigors of flight.
how many digits are on the forelimb of the bird and how are the modified?
3 - no digits protect the wingspan
how many digits are on the forelimb of the archaeopteryx and how are the modified?
3- all the digits are elongated
how many digits are on the forelimb of the pterosaur and how are the modified?
4 - supports the outline of the wing
how many digits are on the forelimb of the bat and how are the modified?
5
2-5 support the wing
what provides the wing surface on birds and how is this supported by the digits?
feathers off the forelimb bones
what provides the wing surface on archaeopteryx and how is this supported by the digits?
the cheiropatgium comes off 2,3 digits and the forearm
what provides the wing surface on pterosaur and how is this supported by the digits?
the cheiropatgium comes of digit 4
what provides the wing surface on bat and how is this supported by the digits?
the cheiropatigium is supported by digits 2-5
how are the limbs of the bird modified for non flight locomotion?
walks
how are the limbs of the archaeopteryx modified for non flight locomotion?
walking with legs
how are the limbs of the pterosaur modified for non flight locomotion?
digits 1-3 are used for walking along legs
how are the limbs of the bat modified for non flight locomotion?
they crawl
how do birds use their tails? how is it adapted for that purpose?
aerodynamics
how do archaeopteryx use their tails? how is it adapted for that purpose?
balance when walking
how do pterosaur use their tails? how is it adapted for that purpose?
nothing
how do bats use their tails? how is it adapted for that purpose?
connected to the cruropatgium for flight dynamics
what type of teeth do birds have?
edentate
what type of teeth do archaeopteryx have?
homodont teeth
what type of teeth do pterosaur have?
homodont teeth with a long snout
what type of teeth do bats have?
specialized teeth for wide range diet
how is keratin created?
by the dead cells and keratin left on outermost layer of the epidermis called “stratum corneum” this process is called cornification
name one or more ways that lepidosaurs use keratin
claws and scales
compare the prepped skin with the naturally shed skin
prepped was shiny, hydrated leathery? natural is rough
how can the lepidosaurs be flexible and tough as the same time
the scales itself are hard and tough but there thin flexible region called hinges
name at least 3 structures of the turtle that is made of keratin
beak, claw, scales & shell (plastron and carapace)
what is the plastron and the carapace
plastron is the bottom (ventral) and carapace is the top (dorsal)
explain the difference between pennaceous and plumulaceous feathers
pennaceous- flight dynamics (long)
plumulacepus - warmth (short and fuzzy)
describe the 3 examples of modified Bird feet
webbed- moist places and swimming
cactus looking feet (American coot)- dry gravely area
fuzzy (willow ptarmigan) - cold
name at least 3 structures of mammals that are made of keratin
- nails/hooves/claws
- horns
- hair/fur
- beaver tail
- quils
how are nails, claws and hooves similar?
nails are flatten claws and hooves are fused claws
what is the function of fur?
lentgh or thickness is for warmth
colour is for sexual selection
what is the difference between a horn and an antler
antlers shed and regrow
horns don’t shed and grow forever
