Lab 7: Deformation

Question 1

syncline

Answer 1

like a u (holds water like a sink)

Question 2

anticline

Answer 2

like an A

Question 3

where are the oldest rocks found in an anticline

Answer 3

the centre

Question 4

where are the oldest rocks found in a syncline

Answer 4

outer edges

Question 5

fold axis/hinge line

Answer 5

imaginary line that runs along the crest or central axis of a folded structure. represents the maximum curvature within the fold

Question 6

trend

Answer 6

the compass direction of a linear or planar geological feature

Question 7

plunge

Answer 7

indicates the angle at which the features inclines from the horizontal line

Question 8

axial surface

Answer 8

theoretical plane that divides a fold into two symmetrical halves

Question 9

non-plunging fold

Answer 9

does not incline significantly from the horizontal plane

Question 10

plunging fold

Answer 10

significant angle from the horziontal plane

Question 11

upright fold

Answer 11

rock layers remain nearly vertical+ axial surface is vertical

Question 12

inclined fold

Answer 12

axial surface is inclined causing the rock layers to tilt

Question 13

overturned fold

Answer 13

axial surface is nearly horizontal. same angle from horizontal plane of each arm

Question 14

recumbent fold

Answer 14

axial surface is nearly horizontal. one limb may lie on top of another limb

Question 15

footwall

Answer 15

the side of a fault you could stand on

Question 16

hanging wall

Answer 16

the side of the wall you would have to hang onto

Question 17

fault slip

Answer 17

total displacement along the fault of two points

Question 18

dip-slip fault

Answer 18

movement is vertical

normal, reverse, thrust

Question 19

normal fault

Answer 19

hanging wall moves down

Question 20

reverse fault

Answer 20

hanging wall moves up

Question 21

thrust fault

Answer 21

hanging wall moves up at an angle of 30 degrees or less

Question 22

strike slip fault

Answer 22

primary movement is horizontal

left lateral - looking at fault, other side has moved left
right later - looking at fault other side has moved right

Question 23

map symbol for horizontal bed symbol

Answer 23

cross

Question 24

strike of vertical bed symbol

Answer 24

long cross

Question 25

strike and dip symbol

Answer 25

dislocation symbol, if it includes the angle the angle will be written at the end of the short line

Question 26

Normal fault symbol

Answer 26

circles (hanging wall just rolls downhill)

Question 27

Reverse fault symbol

Answer 27

squares (squares help the hanging wall climb uphill)

Question 28

Thrust Fault map symbol

Answer 28

triangles (triangles are aggressive and so it the word thrust

Question 29

syncline map symbol

Answer 29

(points in the direction a ball would roll)
Points towards the centre

Question 30

anticline map symbol

Answer 30

(points in the direction a ball would roll)
points away from the centre

Question 31

right hand rule

Answer 31

thumb points downhill along the line that is perpendicular to the elevation cross sections

fingers point in the direction of the dip angle

Question 32

what format must you write strike/dip

Answer 32

000/00

strike/dip

no decimals

Question 33

rule of v’s in block block diagram

Answer 33

for whatever fucking reason, rule of v’s is actually with u’s. The bulge points in the direction that is downhill (of the strata or the fault)

Question 34

How to do a Block diagram with topography

Answer 34

draw lines wherever there are strata
use the rule of v’s
draw the fault
point the direction of the river

Label the age of all of the strata - top is biggest number as in last to be deposited

***Draw symbols for each of the strata showing which was it dips (the dislocation symbol)

Question 35

How to do a surface trace to find strike and dip

Answer 35

1. any point where the solid line touches a contour line draw a circle.
2. connect all your circles at each elevation with lines. The lines should all be parallel to each other
3. Draw a line perpendicular to all the lines you just drew - this is your strike line
4. Strike: Use right hand rule on your strike line. This will tell you which side to find the angle. Always take the angle from vertical North and go clockwise.
5. Dip: Use the strike line and the scale on the map to find the actual distance between 2 lines along your strike line. Make a triangle with that number as your x and the change in elevation as your y. Solve for theta.
6. Remember to write in Strike/Dip : 000/00 and LOTS
7. Shade in the Areas that have coal underground - The areas that are higher than the coal seam line will have coal.