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EAS 210 > CHPTR 9 Deformation > Flashcards

CHPTR 9 Deformation Flashcards

1
Q

deformation

A

changes in the shape, volume, position or orientation of rock layers

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2
Q

folds

A

wavy deformation - anticline

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3
Q

fault

A

straight deformation

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4
Q

primary structures

A

occur when rock formed

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5
Q

primary structures example

A

strata
cross-bedding
ripple marks
mud-cracks
graded belts

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6
Q

secondary structures

A

occurs after rock forms

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7
Q

secondary structure examples

A

folds
faults

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8
Q

stress

A

force per unit area :)

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9
Q

differential stress

A

the force is not being applied evenly - the element will be deformed

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10
Q

strain

A

change in shape of a rock when stress is applied

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11
Q

elastic limit for rocks

A

0.001

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12
Q

plastic behaviour + example

A

material behaves as a very viscous liquid - does not return to original shape when stress is removed

ex. glacial ice

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13
Q

fracture

A

breaks, with formation of cracks

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14
Q

area under the curve of a stress-strain graph

A

toughness (absorbed energy before fracture)

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15
Q

where does compressional stress occur and what does it cause

A

convergent plate boundaries - faulting and folding

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16
Q

where does tensional stress occur and what does it cause

A

divergent plate boundaries - faults

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17
Q

where does shear stress occur

A

transform plate boundaries

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18
Q

what encourages brittle deformation

A
  • low temp./pressures (near surface)
  • crystalline igneous rocks
  • fast deformation
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19
Q

what does brittle deformation form

A

joints and faults

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20
Q

what encourages ductile deformation

A
  • high temp.//pressures (deep/close to magma body)
  • sedimentary + metamorphic rocks
  • slow deformation
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21
Q

what does ductile deformation form

A

folds

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22
Q

strike direction

A

intersection of a horizontal plane with an inclined plane (compass direction)

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23
Q

dip angle

A

max angle of inclined plane

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24
Q

anticline

A

concave down (Arch)

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25
Q

syncline

A

concave up (like a sink)

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26
Q

axial plane

A

axis of symmetry with limb on each side

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27
Q

axis

A

intersection of axial plane and a particular rock layer

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28
Q

plunge

A

difference in angle between horizontal and axis. (if you go along the axial plane, does the ground change elevation)

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29
Q

upright fold

A
  • symmetric
  • axial plane vertical
  • limbs dip at same angle in opposite directions
30
Q

inclined fold

A
  • asymmetric
  • axis plane not vertical
  • limbs dip at different angles (from horizontal)
31
Q

overturned fold

A
  • asymmetric
  • axis plane not vertical
  • different angles in same direction (from horizontal)
32
Q

ways to see folds

A

outcrops, geophysics

33
Q

outcrops

A

visible exposure of underground rocks
- dig it up
- beach cliffs

34
Q

geophysics (seismic reflection)

A

map rock layers with reflected sound waves

35
Q

when doing seismis reflection, which rock type has worse quality lines

A

igneous

36
Q

monocline

A

single change in direction:

  • fault moves
  • as sedimentary rocks settle on top, they drape over the fault, creating a gradual incline
37
Q

dome

A

concave down warping of crustal rocks - anticline in all directions

38
Q

basin

A

down-warping of crustal rocks - syncline in all directions

39
Q

dome ages of layers

A

centre strata is oldest
outer strata is youngest

(highest is oldest)

40
Q

basin ages of layers

A

centre strata is youngest
outre strata is oldest

(highest is oldest)

41
Q

joint

A

fractures with no appreciable displacement has occurred

(cracks in rocks but no movement like a fault would have)

42
Q

what kind of rocks can have joints

A

igneous and sedimentary

43
Q

fault

A

fractures along which appreciable displacement has occurred

44
Q

fault trace

A

the fault line

45
Q

fault scarp

A

cliff or steep incline along the faultline

46
Q

hanging wall

A

the side of the fault that you could hang off of

47
Q

foot wall

A

the side of the fault that you could stand on

48
Q

dip slip faults + types

A

the slip is parallel to the dip

reverse
normal
thrust

49
Q

normal fault

A

hanging wall moves down relative to footwall

50
Q

reverse fault

A

hanging wall moves up compared to footwall

51
Q

thrust fault

A

reverse fault with a dip less than 45 degrees

52
Q

megathrust fault

A

occurs in subduction zones

responsible for the largest earthquakes

53
Q

klippe

A

remnant portion of a nappe after erosion has removed connecting portions

54
Q

nappe

A

sheetlike body of rock that has been moved above a thrust fault

55
Q

strike slip fault

A

strike and slip are parallel

56
Q

right lateral fault

A

when looking at the fault, the other side appears to have moved right

57
Q

left lateral fault

A

when looking at the fault, the other side appears to have moved left

58
Q

true or false: faults can have a mix of dip-slip and strike slip motion

A

True

59
Q

strike slip faults result in:

A
  1. sag ponds
  2. offset drainage
  3. linear valley
60
Q

sag ponds

A

body of water collected in a depression formed by strike slip movement

it is disconnected from any source of water

61
Q

offset drainage

A

one side of a river is moved; the path of the flow of water changes

62
Q

linear valley

A

along the fault line creates a linear valley

63
Q

blind thrust fault

A

fault does not rupture to the surface - no scarp but there is deformation

64
Q

Economic importance of faults

A
  1. water flows through faults
  2. reliable source of oil and gas resources
65
Q

Economic importance of faults - water flows through faults

A

heavy and valuable minerals are deposited in faults - particularly at the intersections of major faults

66
Q

Economic importance of faults - source of oil and gas

A
  • organic materials experience high temp and pressure when buried
  • oil and gas form and move upwards
  • impermeable layer overlies a porous layer and resevoirs form
67
Q

Structural traps by faults/folds; list types

A
  1. antiklinale trap
  2. fault trap
  3. salt trap
68
Q

stratigraphic trap by deposition explain

A

formed by the sequence of deposition

  • places an impermeable cap rock above a porous reservoir layer
69
Q

antiklinale trap

A

anticline structure creates an oil/gas reservoir

70
Q

fault trap

A

a fault structure creates an oil/gas reservoir

71
Q

salt trap

A

the oil/gas reservoir is trapped between the salt dome and an impermeable cap rock

EAS 210 (20 decks)

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