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EAS 210 > CHPTR 20 Resources > Flashcards

CHPTR 20 Resources Flashcards

1
Q

resources

A

useful materials for human life and civilization

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2
Q

reserves

A

that part of geological resource which has been found and can be recovered economically with existing technology

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3
Q

cumulative reserves

A

includes quantity already used

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4
Q

sub-economic/conditional reserves

A

part that has been discovered but which is not currently economic

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5
Q

hypothetical/speculative resources

A

not discovered, but estimated to exist based on statistical analysis

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6
Q

ore

A

rock containing a sufficient concentration of a metallic mineral to allow economic extraction. not applied to concentrations of non-metallic materials

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7
Q

concentration factor

A

= concentration of metal in ore / concentration of metal in average crust

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8
Q

gravitational settling mineral deposits process

A
  • heavy minerals sink to bottom of magma body
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9
Q

immiscibility mineral deposits process

A
  • magma cools down and minerals begin to crystallize
  • mantle melt then has higher concentration of Ni and Cu
  • liquid iron sulphide forms and combines with the higher concentration of Ni and Cu
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10
Q

pegmatites significance to the resources chapter

A

can be a rich source of rare earth elements

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11
Q

vein (iode) deposits

A

brine circulates in Earth and at high temp. can contain a lot of dissolved minerals

formed in fractures along which hydrothermal fluid flows

(looks like a vein through the rock)

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12
Q

disseminated deposits

A

brine circulates in Earth and at high temp. can contain a lot of dissolved minerals

minerals distributed within the rock volume

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13
Q

what texture of rock do disseminated deposits occur in

A

porphyritic

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14
Q

porphyry copper deposits

A
  • formed in subduction zones
  • water expelled from magma as it crystallizes
  • concentrates minerals
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15
Q

VMS stands for

A

Volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits

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16
Q

VMS

A
  • formed at black smokes at mid-ocean ridges
  • metals leached from ocean crust by hydrothermal circulation and deposited in mounds on seafloor
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17
Q

SEDEX stands for

A

Sedimentary Exhalative deposit

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18
Q

SEDEX

A

rift environment
sulphides precipitate in depressions on seafloor near hydrothermal vents

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19
Q

MVT stands for

A

Mississippi Valley Type Deposit

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20
Q

MVT

A
  • compaction of shale releases fluids (brine)
  • brine dissolves limestone and precipitates ore minerals instead
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21
Q

unconformity uranium

A
  • uranium deposits occur between the
  • Archean Sedimentary layer and Athabasca group sandstone
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22
Q

BIF

A
  • banded iron formation
  • alternating layers of haematite and chert
  • formed as oceans were oxygenated by photosynthesizing bacteria during the Archean eon
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23
Q

Placer mineral deposits example

A
  • gold is created at the top of a mountain
  • it gets into a stream
  • the stream is meandering and deposits the gold on the slower moving point bank because of the heavier weight of the mineral
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24
Q

skarn deposit

A

produced through contact metamorphism - have high concentrations of ore

25
Q

mineral deposits through weathering

A

weathering redistributes minerals or removes non-mineral material to raise concentration

26
Q

How did we used to get sulpher, how do we get it now

A

mined on volcanoes

by product of natural gas processing

27
Q

why do we mine potash

A

fertilizer

28
Q

what kind of nodules are present on the seafloor

A

manganese nodules

29
Q

Which country produces the most Rare Earth minerals

A

China

30
Q

Which country produces the most cobalt

A

Congo

31
Q

Which country produces the most Manesium

A

China

32
Q

petroleum source

A

aquatic plankton

33
Q

oil temperature window

A

75 - 100 degrees C

34
Q

oil depth window

A

2-4 km

35
Q

gas temperature window

A

> 100 degrees C

36
Q

gas depth window

A

> 3 km

37
Q

When did Canada’s sedimentary basins form (era)

A

Paleozoic, Mesozoic

38
Q

where does coal form

A

swamps/shallow seas

39
Q

sequence of coal (increasing temperature and pressure)

A

liginite, bituminous coal, anthracite

40
Q

What era is Western Canada coal from

A

mesozoic

41
Q

What era is NS and maritimes coal form

A

Paleozoic

42
Q

oil sands

A

mixture of sediment, water, bitument

43
Q

Method to mine oil from oil sands

A

SAGD - steam assisted gravity drainage

steam is pumped into the oil sands, heating them up and causing them to flow

44
Q

what causes oil shale

A

source rock not subject to high temperature

45
Q

what kind of rock is oil shale typically

A

fine grained limestone

46
Q

how do we extract oil from oil shale

A

the oil shale can be heated to crack kerogen and form petroleum

47
Q

coal bed methane + extraction method

A

gas trapped in coals seams

extracted with water

48
Q

shale gas + extraction method

A

gas trapped in impermeable shale

extracted with hydraulic fracking/direction drilling

49
Q

methane hydrate

A

solid mixture of methan and water that requires high pressure and low temperature to be stable

50
Q

where is methane hydrate found

A

on continental shelf

51
Q

what forms methane hydrate

A

reduction of carbon dioxide by bacteria

52
Q

primary pollutants

A

emitted from identifiable sources

53
Q

secondary pollutants + example

A

formed from chemical reactions involving primary pollutant

ie. smog

54
Q

What produces the majority of Canada’s electricity + what percentage

A

Hydro
60%

55
Q

Capacity factor

A

= energy generated / energy generated if operated all year

56
Q

which hydrocarbon produces the least CO2 when burned

A

methane

56
Q

what renewable resource has the highest capacity factor

A

thermal energy

57
Q

Oil is formed from organic material deposited in ______

A

Marine sediments

EAS 210 (20 decks)

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