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EAS 210 > CHPTR 15 Surface Processes: Water > Flashcards

CHPTR 15 Surface Processes: Water Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrosphere

A

water at and near the surface of the Earth

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2
Q

outgassing

A

original source of water

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3
Q

planetesimals

A

added to the Earth’s source of water

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4
Q

Cycle of water through the Earth

A

Ocean, subduction, mantle, volcano

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5
Q

Water in mantle compared to ocean

A

1-10x

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6
Q

Hydrosphere - Atmosphere

A

Precipitation and Evaporation

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7
Q

Hydrosphere - biosphere

A

Transpiration and absorbed by plants

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8
Q

Hydrosphere - Lithosphere

A

infiltration, springs/volcanoes

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9
Q

%Water in oceans

A

97.5%

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10
Q

%Water in Ice

A

1.8%

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11
Q

%Water in Groundwater

A

0.63%

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12
Q

%Water in Lakes and Rivers

A

0.016%

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13
Q

%Water in Atmosphere

A

0.001%

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14
Q

How long does water sit in rivers

A

months

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15
Q

how long does water sit in ice caps and oceans

A

millenia

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16
Q

stream

A

body of flowing water confined to a channel

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17
Q

headwater/head

A

stream start point

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18
Q

drainage basin/watershed

A

region from which water is collected

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19
Q

stream mouth

A

where a stream empties into another water body

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20
Q

stream bed

A

base of stream

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21
Q

banks

A

confine stream during normal flow

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22
Q

floodplane

A

region covered during a flood where sediment is deposited

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23
Q

laminar flow

A

away from banks;
smooth constant flow
transports more water

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24
Q

turbulent flow

A

near banks and bed (friction);
chaotic flow
transports less water

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25
Q

stream gradient

A

slope of a stream
greater at the head
lesser at the mouth

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26
Q

discharge + eqn

A

how much water is flowing through a river at a given point

Cross sectional area x Vavg

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27
Q

stream discharge units

A

m^3/2

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28
Q

Controls for Discharge

A

shape of channel;
deeper = less turbidity = more water flowing

bed texture;
smooth sand = less friction = laminar flow = more water flowing

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29
Q

pothole

A

circular indent in river cause by erosion
water flows in a circle in it

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30
Q

Stream sediments

A

dissolved load
suspended load
bed load

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31
Q

dissolved load

A

chemical sediment

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32
Q

suspended load

A

mechanical sediment
carried in stream current

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33
Q

bed load

A

sediments in river transported by saltation, rolling, sliding

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34
Q

saltation

A

“jumping of grains”

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35
Q

capacity

A

maximum load of solid particles that a stream can transport

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36
Q

capacity units

A

kg/m^3

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37
Q

competence

A

max particle size that a stream can transport

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38
Q

competence units

A

EMAILED THE PROF

39
Q

Channel deposits

A

intrachannel bars
point bars

40
Q

intrachannel bars

A

deposited sediments bars parallel to river centre line

41
Q

point bars

A

crescent shaped depositions on inside of a meander

42
Q

Formation process of natural levees

A

flood plain deposits (sand banks)

water rises above the banks of the river onto the floodplain

it deposits sediments in decreasing competence

43
Q

Base level

A
  • lowest level to which stream can erode to
  • often sea level, can be lake
  • no slope; the stream bed is flat
  • equilibrium between erosion and deposition
44
Q

How does increasing sea level affect base level

A

Increase sea level;
sea moves inland, stream would adjust by moving deposition inland (to make upstream have a higher elevation and greater slope)

45
Q

How does decreasing sea level affect base level

A

sea moves away, there is now a greater slope = more erosion, so deposition moves downstream

46
Q

Waterfall

A

resistant layer of rocks erodes more slowly, creating a larger gap. It will eventually also erode

47
Q

How dams affects a streams base level

A

raises the streams base level (it is a new temporary base level); the reservoir will eventually fill with deposition (until it can flow over the dam)

48
Q

V-shaped valley

A

formed by rivers
1. rivers cut straight down
2. the straight sides undergo weathering
3. the sediment is transported away by the river

49
Q

What would cause a wide stream valley

A

less of a gradient(slope); less cut down into the Earth; more erosion of the edges = widening

50
Q

erosional floodplain

A

formed by side to side migration of channel

51
Q

depositional floodplain

A

formed either downstream or when sea-level rises

52
Q

meander

A

bends in a river

53
Q

point bar/cut bank formation

A
  1. water on the outside of a meandering river flows faster than the inside.
  2. The faster water erodes the out bank (creating a cut bank)
  3. The slower water on the insider deposits sediment (creating point bars)
54
Q

Positive feedback loop example

A

birth, meandering rivers

55
Q

oxbow lake

A

the water erodes to the point it reconnects to the other side of the meander. Water takes the shortest route and deposits sediment; which separates the oxbow from the stream

56
Q

braided stream

A
  • occurs in streams with high sediment load
  • deposited sediment partially blocks channels
  • river goes around
57
Q

anastomosed streams

A
  • separated by islands with vegetation
  • multiple channels develop
58
Q

braided stream energy

A

high energy

59
Q

anastomosed streams

A

low energy

60
Q

alluvial fan

A

abrupt change of gradient from steep to flat causes the water to spread out and deposition to occur in a large area

61
Q

delta formation

A
  1. distributary stream enters lake or ocean
  2. the stream extends its channel; reducing the gradient
  3. river floods
  4. river is diverted to a route with a higher gradient route; forming a new distributary stream
62
Q

drainage basin

A

area that is drained by a stream to a specific point (BIG watershed)

ie. Arctic Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Endorheic lake

63
Q

divide

A

separates drainage basins

64
Q

endorheic lake

A

water basin drains to lake then evaporates in summer - no outlet

65
Q

What drainage basin is Edmonton in

A

Hudson Bay

66
Q

Altiplano + economic value

A

South America internal drainage basin (no outlet)

forms big salt flats

lots of lithium

67
Q

dendritic drainage pattern

A

like a tree. one river branches off into many

68
Q

radial drainage pattern

A

circle with a radius of streams extending from it.
Ie from the top point of a volcanoe

69
Q

rectangular drainage pattern

A

rectangular;
caused by faults and contact between different rock types

70
Q

trellis drainage pattern

A

vine trellis

rock resistant ridges limit river from cross across boundaries

valleys from non-resistant rocks

71
Q

stage

A

elevations of water surface

72
Q

flood stage

A

stream stage > bank height

73
Q

crest

A

max stage

74
Q

flood

A

when discharge of run-off > volume of channel

75
Q

upstream flood

A

“flashflood”
- upper part of the stream
- small area, with heavy rainfall
- does not last long

76
Q

downstream flood

A
  • downstream part of the stream
  • from prolonged heavy rain/lots of snow
  • rises slowly + lasts longer
77
Q

Ice jam flood

A

surce ice blocks river

78
Q

dam failure flood

A

quickly releases all reservoir water

79
Q

Which occurs more often, small or large floods

A

small

80
Q

“100 Year Flood”

A

a big flood that occurs on average every 100 years

81
Q

Flood frequency curve

A

Discharge vs average repeat time

Find your point, read as;
“you get a flow rate of _____ every _____years”

82
Q

flood control methods

A

artificial levees, dams, channelization, replace vegetations

83
Q

artificial levees impact on flooding

A
  • by making levees; you don’t allow water to escape which makes floods worse downstream
  • if levee breaks, you are fucked
84
Q

dams impact on flooding

A
  • spread crest of flood
  • eventually reservoir will fill up with deposition
85
Q

channelization impact on flooding

A

dig channels;

  • dig stream deeper: problems moved downstream
  • dig new stream: moves the flood elsewhere
86
Q

What could cause daily variation of stream crest

A

hydropower

87
Q

Post glacial rebound definition and how it affects flooding

A
  • glaciers cause indents on Earth
  • glaciers melt faster than Earth rebounds
  • causes river gradients to decrease
88
Q

how does replacing areas of vegetation affect flooding

A
  • increases the infiltration rate of cities
  • (plants absorb more water)
89
Q

What causes large rivers to flood + when

A

snow melting in Spring
prolonged/heavy rainfall

90
Q

What causes medium rivers to flood + when

A

late spring as rain begins
fall as early snow melts

91
Q

What causes small rivers to flood + when

A

all year snow melting and rainstorms

92
Q

Factors affecting flood severity (3)

A

heavy precipitation

topography

vegetation

93
Q

how does topography affect flood severity

A

greater slope = greater runoff = less time for absorption

94
Q

how does vegetation affect flood severity

A
  • slows runoff
  • roots increase permeability
  • absorb water

EAS 210 (20 decks)

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