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EAS 210 > CHPTR 3/4 Igneous Rocks > Flashcards

CHPTR 3/4 Igneous Rocks Flashcards

1
Q

magma

A

molten rock beneath the surface of the Earth

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2
Q

parts of magma

A

molten rock, crystals, dissolved water, gas

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3
Q

what negative ion is lava made of

A

SiO4^4-

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4
Q

lava

A

magma once it reaches the surface

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5
Q

plutonic

A

intrusive - cools slowly underground - larger crystals

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6
Q

volcanic

A

extrusive - cools quickly at the surface - smaller crystal grains

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7
Q

felsic lava

A

high silica, lower melting point, high viscosity

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8
Q

mafic lava

A

low silica, higher melting point, low viscosity

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9
Q

interlocking grains

A

similar to a camo pattern - evidence that the rock crystallized from liquid state

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10
Q

pyroclastic texture

A

rock formed from particles that travelled from volcano through the air. when they land on the ground they weld together

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11
Q

glassy

A

cooling is so fast that there is no time for crystals to form

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12
Q

vesicular

A

voids formed by bubbles of volatiles that expanded close to the surface and could not escape from the lava/magma

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13
Q

amygdaloidal

A

vesicles that have been filled in with secondary minerals long after the flow cooled

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14
Q

frothy

A

vesicular rock and very light - more air than rock

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15
Q

phaneritic texture

A

slow cooling, crystals visible - like camo pattern

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16
Q

porphyritc

A

mixed rate of cooling. starts cooling then phenocrysts form. cooling is then faster and remaining melt forms groundmass - big rock in small rock

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17
Q

groundmass

A

the small crystals in porphyritic rocks

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18
Q

phenocrysts

A

large crystals within a porphyritic rock

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19
Q

aphanitic

A

fast cooling produces fine grained rock and crystals not visible - “looks like a rock”

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20
Q

pegmatitic

A

large grains formed in water rich magma. crystals larger than 1cm

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21
Q

felsic rock intrusive and extrusive rock pairs

A

intrusive: granite - extrusive: rhyolite

22
Q

intermediate rock intrusive and extrusive rock pairs

A

intrusive: diorite - extrusive: andesite

23
Q

mafic rock intrusive and extrusive rock pairs

A

intrusive: gabbro - extrusive: basalt

24
Q

ultramafic rock intrusive and extrusive rock pairs

A

intrusive: peridotite - extrusive: komatiite

25
Q

tabular

A

flat body

26
Q

massif

A

not flat - shapeless

27
Q

concordant

A

parallel to sedimentary layers

28
Q

discordant

A

cut across existing rock layers

29
Q

dykes

A

tabular, discordant pluton

30
Q

sills

A

tabular, concordant plutons

31
Q

laccoliths

A

dyke extends upwards and forms a little rock mound to bulge upwards

32
Q

batholiths

A

massif, area >100km - evidence of past subduction zones

33
Q

stocks

A

smaller than batholiths igneous extrusion

34
Q

dike swarms

A

set of parallel dikes at the same age

35
Q

mantle plume

A

adds heat to an area - determines which volcanoes in Hawaii are active

36
Q

what happens to boiling point as you decrease temp

A

it also decreases

37
Q

how can lowering pressure melt rocks

A

at a mid ocean ridge, the plates seperate
this causes the mantle to flow upwards into the low pressure area

38
Q

in ocean volcanoes, is the lava felsic or mafic

A

mafic

39
Q

how can changing composition melt rocks

A

ocean crust subducts, bringing water into the mantle of the continental plate, this lowers the melting point and ultramafic melt forms

40
Q

volcanic ash

A

pyroclastic material <2mm

41
Q

lapilli

A

pyroclastic material 2-64mm

42
Q

bombs/blocks

A

pyroclastic material >64mm

43
Q

lahar

A

volcanic mud flow or debris - can occur without an eruption

44
Q

shield volcano

A

formed by mafic lava. caldera forms as the summit collapses. very wide and gentle slopes

45
Q

cinder cone

A

formed by one eruptive eps. monogenetic

46
Q

monogenetic

A

a volcano that only erupts once in its life

47
Q

strato-volcano/composite volcano

A

alternating layers of ash and lave, steeper slopes - generally andesite - rhyolite

48
Q

what does a symmetrical volcano imply

A

it is young and active

49
Q

what kind of lava is in fissure eruptions

A

mafic (low viscosity)

50
Q

volcanic pipes

A

the hard part of the the conduit after the on of the volcano is weathered away

51
Q

what kind of tectonic boundary has the least number of volcanoes

A

transform

EAS 210 (8 decks)

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