CHPTR 3/4 Igneous Rocks Flashcards
magma
molten rock beneath the surface of the Earth
parts of magma
molten rock, crystals, dissolved water, gas
what negative ion is lava made of
SiO4^4- (silicate ion)
lava
magma once it reaches the surface
plutonic
intrusive - cools slowly underground - larger crystals
volcanic
extrusive - cools quickly at the surface - smaller crystal grains
felsic lava
high silica, lower melting point, high viscosity
mafic lava
low silica, higher melting point, low viscosity
interlocking grains
similar to a camo pattern - evidence that the rock crystallized from liquid state
pyroclastic texture
rock formed from particles that travelled from volcano through the air. when they land on the ground they weld together
glassy
cooling is so fast that there is no time for crystals to form
vesicular
voids formed by bubbles of volatiles that expanded close to the surface and could not escape from the lava/magma
amygdaloidal
vesicles that have been filled in with secondary minerals long after the flow cooled
frothy
vesicular rock and very light - more air than rock
phaneritic texture
slow cooling, crystals visible - like camo pattern
porphyritc
mixed rate of cooling. starts cooling then phenocrysts form. cooling is then faster and remaining melt forms groundmass - big rock in small rock
groundmass
the small crystals in porphyritic rocks
phenocrysts
large crystals within a porphyritic rock
aphanitic
fast cooling produces fine grained rock and crystals not visible - “looks like a rock”
pegmatitic
large grains formed in water rich magma. crystals larger than 1cm
felsic rock intrusive and extrusive rock pairs
intrusive: granite - extrusive: rhyolite
intermediate rock intrusive and extrusive rock pairs
intrusive: diorite - extrusive: andesite
mafic rock intrusive and extrusive rock pairs
intrusive: gabbro - extrusive: basalt
ultramafic rock intrusive and extrusive rock pairs
intrusive: peridotite - extrusive: komatiite
tabular
flat body
massif
not flat - shapeless
concordant
parallel to sedimentary layers
discordant
cut across existing rock layers
dykes
tabular, discordant pluton
sills
tabular, concordant plutons
laccoliths
dyke extends upwards and forms a little rock mound to bulge upwards
batholiths
massif, area >100km - evidence of past subduction zones
stocks
smaller than batholiths igneous extrusion
dike swarms
set of parallel dikes at the same age
mantle plume
adds heat to an area - determines which volcanoes in Hawaii are active
what happens to boiling point as you decrease temp
it also decreases
how can lowering pressure melt rocks
at a mid ocean ridge, the plates seperate
this causes the mantle to flow upwards into the low pressure area
in ocean volcanoes, is the lava felsic or mafic
mafic
how can changing composition melt rocks
ocean crust subducts, bringing water into the mantle of the continental plate, this lowers the melting point and ultramafic melt forms
volcanic ash
pyroclastic material <2mm
lapilli
pyroclastic material 2-64mm
bombs/blocks
pyroclastic material >64mm
pyroclastic flow
a fast-moving, high-density current of hot volcanic rocks and gas that flows down the side of a volcano
lahar
volcanic mud flow or debris - can occur without an eruption
Volcano Explosivity Index
used to measure the size of an eruption
- measured by the volume of material ejected and the height of eruption column
shield volcano
formed by mafic lava. caldera forms as the summit collapses. very wide and gentle slopes
caldera
lake at top of volcano caused by its summit collapsing into itself
cinder/scoria cone
formed by one eruptive eps. monogenetic
monogenetic
a volcano that only erupts once in its life
strato-volcano/composite volcano
alternating layers of ash and lave, steeper slopes - generally andesite - rhyolite
approximate angle of a composite volcanoe
45 degrees
volcanic dome
A lava dome is a circular, mound-shaped protrusion resulting from the slow extrusion of viscous lava from a volcano
after the initial explosion which results in a crater
what does a symmetrical volcano imply
it is young and active
what kind of lava is in fissure eruptions
mafic (low viscosity) - basaltic lava flow
volcanic pipes
the hard part of the the conduit after the on of the volcano is weathered away
what kind of tectonic boundary has the least number of volcanoes
transform
what kind of heat transfer does the lithosphere experience
conduction
what kind of heat transfer does the mantle experience
convection
what kind of heat transfer does the outer core experience
convection
what kind of heat transfer does the inner core experience
conduction
volcanic assimilation
rocks surrounding magma chamber (host rocks) break off and mix with magma
magma mixing
two chambers of magma connect and mix
magmatic differentiation
crystallization and settling
- different temp. causes crystals to form
- crystals sink to the bottom
- remaining liquid is more felsic
Bowen’s reaction series definition and order of series. + why is Plagioclase feldspar unique
order of crystallization with a change in temperature
Highest temp/Crystallizes first
- olivine
- pyroxene
- amphibole
- biotite
- potassium feldspar, muscovite, quartz
Lowest temp/Crystallizes last
Plagioclase has continuous series of crystallizations
pluton
a large body of igneous rock that forms when magma solidifies underground
why is felsic lava explosive and mafic is not
in mafic lava, gas can escape
in felsic lava, the gas cannot escape
pahoehoe
higher temperature mafic lava (1100-1200 C)
aa
lower temperature mafic lava (1000-1100 C)
underwater mafic lava
pillow lava
what is dominant gas extruded during volcanic eruption + what percentage
8% water vapour
Volcano emissions of carbon dioxide ____ times less than the human contribution
100
Most recent super volcano
Toba on Sumatra in Indonesia
74 000 years ago
What is most likely next supervolcano
Yellowstone
what kind of plate boundary forms the most volcanoes
convergent plate boundaries - specifically subduction zones
What formed the Andes
Ocean - continent subduction zone
What formed the Appalachians
continent- continent convergent boundary
what formed the Himilayas
continent-continent convergent boundary
What formed the Alps
continent-continent convergent boundary