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EAS 210 > CHPTR 10 Earthquakes and Earth's Interior > Flashcards

CHPTR 10 Earthquakes and Earth's Interior Flashcards

1
Q

hypocentre/focus

A

location where the fault initially breaks or explosion happens

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2
Q

epicentre

A

point on surface directly above hypocentre

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3
Q

Plates move how many cm per year

A

1-10cm

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4
Q

Earthquakes convert elastic energy to

A

kinetic energy and heat energy

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5
Q

foreshocks

A

small tremours before major earthquakes

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6
Q

elastic rebound

A

rocks spring back to original shaped

occurs during earthquake

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7
Q

causes of earthquakes

A

movement of faults

  • underground nuclear explosions
  • oil + gas extraction
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8
Q

creeping fault

A

moves a few cm per year

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9
Q

seismology

A

study of earthquakes

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10
Q

seismograph

A

instrument that measures ground movement as earthquake occurs

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11
Q

seismogram

A

record of an earthquake made on a seismograph

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12
Q

seismologist

A

person who studies seismology

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13
Q

body waves

A

travel through earth
- p waves
- s waves

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14
Q

surface waves

A

travel along or just below the surface
- love waves
- rayleigh waves

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15
Q

which has greater amplitude surface or body waves

A

surface

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16
Q

Sequence of waves from slowest to fastest

A

Surface waves, S waves, P waves

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17
Q

P-wave

A

primary wave

particle motion parallel to direction of travel
(like a sound wave)

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18
Q

S-wave

A

shear wave

particle motion normal to direction of travel
(like a sine graph)

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19
Q

Which wave type cannot travel through liquid

A

S-wave

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20
Q

Rayleigh Wave

A
  • retrograde elliptical particle motion
    (circular movement)
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21
Q

Love Wave

A
  • horizontal motion
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22
Q

How does depth influence surface waves

A

amplitude decreases with depth

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23
Q

what can you tell from one station reporting data of receive p and s waves

A

distance

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24
Q

what can you tell from three stations reporting data of received p and s waves

A

epicentre location

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25
Q

How to read travel Time curve for distance

A
  1. measure arrived time
  2. difference between p-wave and s-wave arrival time
  3. look for a vertical difference on the graph that matches the arrival time
  4. follow that line down to the x-axis
26
Q

How to find the time that the earthquake occurred at using a travel time curve

A
  1. First solve for the distance to the Earthquake
  2. circle the where the p or s wave crosses the vertical line marking your distance
  3. subtract their time from their respective arrival time.

ie. if at 200km, it takes the P-wave 40s to arrive, subtract 40 from the time of the P-waves arrival

27
Q

Where do most earthquakes occur

A

Pacific ocean

28
Q

Wadati-Beinoff Zones

A

dipping seismic zones in a subduction zone

29
Q

Earthquake intensity

A

qualitative measurement of the damage caused by an Earthquake

30
Q

Earthquake Magnitude

A

quantitative measurement of energy released by an earthquake

31
Q

Modified Mercalli Scale

A

Measurement of earthquake intensity based on how it affects people

32
Q

Richter scale

A

Measurement of the magnitude of an earthquake

33
Q

Increase in magnitude corresponds to what increase in amplitude

A

10x

34
Q

increase in magnitude corresponds to what increase in energy

A

30x

35
Q

Worst magnitude of Earthquake, we have seen

A

9

36
Q

Seismic moment magnitude scale

A

uses area of the fault that slips and offset of area to compute magnitude

37
Q

post glacial rebound + relation to earthquakes

A
  1. large ice sheets made depressions
  2. ice melted quickly
  3. as surface moves to return to existing shapes, there is movement along faults
38
Q

What year was the last Cascadia earthquake

A

1700

39
Q

What was minimum magnitude of the 1700 Cascadian earthquake

A

M8

40
Q

liquefaction

A
  1. stable soil is held together by friction
  2. shaking increases space between grains; no structure; soil flows like liquid
  3. buildings and sink
41
Q

What earthquake occured in 2004, causing a tsunami

A

Indonesia

42
Q

Tsunami negative wave

A
  • water pushed away from shore first
  • retreat rise cycle
  • there is warning
43
Q

Tsunami positive wave

A
  • water pushed directly to shore
  • rise, retreat, rise cycle
  • little warning
44
Q

aftershock

A

big earthquake puts other areas into stress, aftershocks are the Earth trying to adjust itself

  • smaller earthquakes following the main earthquake
45
Q

What Earthquake occurred in 2008 and resulted in landslides

A

Sichuan Earthquake

46
Q

earthquake precursors

A

short term and long term changes within the earth prior to an earthquake that assist in prediction

47
Q

Which is faster; radio waves or p waves

A

radio waves

48
Q

How far can we image with seismic waves

A

20-30km

49
Q

What happens to the path of p waves through the earth

A

as pressure increases, p-wave velocity increases; they move away from the normal

50
Q

moho

A

boundary between the Earth’s crust and mantle

51
Q

moho depth

A

30-40km; up to 80 under the himilayas

52
Q

P-wave shadow

A

If you send waves straight through the earth; the p-waves will refract (due to the outer core) in such a way that they will not be seen everywhere on the other side of the Earth

53
Q

Distance to the outer core of the Earth

A

3000km

54
Q

Which has a larger shadow zone; p-waves or s-waves

A

s-waves since they cannot go through the liquid outer core

55
Q

How deep are Earthquake foci of convergent boundaries

A

> 100km
(Its going deep into the Earth)

56
Q

how deep are Earthquake foci of divergent boundaries

A

30<km
(Its not going into the Earth at all)

57
Q

how deep are Earthquake foci of divergent boundaries

A

30<km
(Its not going into the Earth at all)

58
Q

Maximum depth of Earthquake focus

A

600km

59
Q

Most common plate boundary in the Pacific

A

convergent

60
Q

where are most of the worlds convergent plate boundaries

A

the Pacific ocean (big subduction zones all alone the West coast)

61
Q

Most common plate boundary in the Atlantic

A

divergent

EAS 210 (20 decks)

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