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EAS 210 > CHPTR 1/2 Minerals > Flashcards

CHPTR 1/2 Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Mineral characteristics (5)

A
  1. naturally occuring
  2. solid at room temp
  3. regular internal structure of atoms (crystalline)
  4. narrowly defined chemical composition
  5. usually inorganic
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2
Q

polymorph + example

A

mineral with the same chemical formula but a different arrangement of atoms

ex. graphite vs diamond

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3
Q

habit + example

A

shape of intersection of equivalent crystal faces are identical on all samples of a particular mineral

quarts grows into that 6 sided shape

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4
Q

amorphous material

A

rigid substance without ordered arrangement of atoms

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5
Q

lustre

A

how “shiny” the mineral is

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6
Q

vitreous

A

glassy

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7
Q

dull/earthy + example

A

non-reflective - basalt

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8
Q

greasy + example

A

resemble fat or grease -obsidian

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9
Q

brilliant

A

light is reflected from within the gem

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10
Q

metallic

A

reflective in the same way that polished gold or silver is

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11
Q

colour

A

colour of minerals is often variable due to impurities. metallic luster have more consistent colour

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12
Q

scratch test of silicates

A

white streak

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13
Q

Scratch Test
magnetite
chalcopyrite
galena
goethite
malachite
azurite
hematite
sulphur

A

black
black
grey
yellow-brown
green
blue
red-brown
yellow

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14
Q

Moh’s hardness diamond

A

10

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15
Q

Moh’s hardness corundum

A

9

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16
Q

Moh’s hardness Topaz

A

8

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17
Q

Moh’s hardness Quartz

A

7

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18
Q

Moh’s hardness potassium feldspar

A

6

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19
Q

Moh’s hardness apatite

A

5

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20
Q

Moh’s hardness Fluorite

A

4

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21
Q

Moh’s hardness Calcite

A

3

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22
Q

Moh’s hardness Gypsum

A

2

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23
Q

Moh’s hardness Talc

A

1

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24
Q

Basal cleavage + example

A

1 plane - muscovite

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25
Q

prismatic cleavage

A

2 planes at 90 degrees - orthoclase

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26
Q

non prismatic cleavage

A

2 planes not at 90 degrees - amphibole

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27
Q

cubic cleavage

A

3 planes at 90 degrees - halite

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28
Q

rhombohedral cleavage

A

3 planes not at 90 degrees - calcite

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29
Q

octahedral cleavage

A

4 planes - fluorite

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30
Q

types of fracture + examples

A

irregular - olivine
splintery - asbestos
conchoidal fractures - curved surface

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31
Q

specific gravity

A

density

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32
Q

what mineral tastes salty

A

halite

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33
Q

what mineral tastes bitter

A

Sylvite

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34
Q

what rocks react with HCl

A

Calcite
Dolostone but not as much - needs to be a powder

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35
Q

why doesn’t dolostone fizz as much as calcite.

A

dolostone has nearly the same chemical formula as calcite. The difference is Mg in the dolostone

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36
Q

anisotropic

A

double refraction - calcite

37
Q

sulphids anion

38
Q

sulphids examples

A

(the squares)
sphalerite
chalcopyrite
pyrite
galena

39
Q

oxide anion

40
Q

oxide examples

A

(the cool features)
magnetite
haemetite
alumina/currundum
uranitite

41
Q

halide anion

42
Q

carbonate ion

43
Q

halide examples

A

(the salty ones)
Halite
Sylvite
Fluorite

44
Q

carbonate examples

A

(the ones that react with acid)
calcite
aragonite
dolostone

45
Q

how are aragonite and calcite similar. Which one is more stable

A

polymorphs
bifringent

calcite

46
Q

sulphate anion

47
Q

silicate anion

48
Q

what mineral class is olivine

A

single tetrahedra silicate

49
Q

what mineral class is peryoxene

A

single chain silicate

50
Q

what mineral class is hornblende

A

double chain silicate

51
Q

what mineral class is biotite/muscovite

A

sheet silicate

52
Q

all single tetrahedra, single chain, double chain and some sheet silicates are felsic or mafic

53
Q

all 3D framework and some sheet silicates are felsic or mafic

54
Q

what mineral class is potassium/plagioclose feldspar and quartz

A

three dimensional silicate

55
Q

ratio of oxygen to silica in a single tetrahedra

56
Q

ratio of oxygen to silica in a single chain silicate

57
Q

ratio of oxygen to silica in a sheet silicate

58
Q

ratio of oxygen to silica in a double chain silicate

59
Q

ratio of oxygen to silica in a 3D framework

60
Q

which is more dense, felsic or mafic silicate minerals

A

mafic is more dense

61
Q

list minerals that are isolated tetrahedra silicates and what elements they also have (3)

A

forsterite - Mg between isolated tetrahedra
fayalite - Fe between isolated tetrahedra
olivine - Fe and Mg

62
Q

another name for amphibole

A

hornblende

63
Q

another name for pyroxene

64
Q

sheet silicate examples (2.6)

A

mica group - mica, muscovite, biotite
clay group - kaolinite, serpentine, montmorillonite

65
Q

clay group silicates definition

A

sheet silica minerals with water trapped between sheets

66
Q

formula of quarts and why it’s relevant

A

SiO2 - most silicates have the anion SiO4^4-, but the are continuously bonded in quartz

67
Q

another name for potassium felspar

A

orthoclase

68
Q

another name for plagioclase feldspar when it is has Ca

69
Q

another name for plagioclase feldspar when it has Na

70
Q

feldspars make up ______% of Earth’s crust

71
Q

difference between plagiofeldspar and postassium feldspar (2)

A

plagioclase feldspar has striations, potassium does not

potassium feldspar is salmon pink, plagioclase is grey-blue

72
Q

anorthosite

A

the rock from the moon. intrusive rock that contains >90% plagioclase feldspar

73
Q

layers of the Earth as defined by chemical compostion

A

crust - felsic minerals
mantle - mafic minerals
outer core - liquid iron
inner core - solid iron

74
Q

mafic

A

contains mostly Fe and Mg

75
Q

felsic

A

contains mostly Na, Ca, Al (silicates) (not Fe or Mg)

76
Q

types of crust

A

oceanic (thin and dense)
continental (thick and light)

77
Q

Layers of Earth as defined by mechanical distinction/physical strength

A

Lithosphere - rigid outer layer
Athenosphere - semi-liquid (weaker) layer underneath

78
Q

who is credited with proving plate tectonics

A

Alfred Wegener

79
Q

divergent plate boundary and what they produce

A

plates move apart
continent -> rift valley
ocean -> mid-ocean ridges

80
Q

convergent plate boundary and what they produce

A

plates move together

oceanic/continental -> subduction zone
continental/continental -> mountains + large plateaus

81
Q

subduction zone

A

denser plate (oceanic) is pushed down underneath, bringing water into the mantle. This lowers the melting point of the rocks and creates volcanoes

82
Q

transform plate boundaries and what they produce

A

plates move past each other
big earthquakes

83
Q

transform fauls

A

offset mid ocean ridges on seafloor

84
Q

what mineral is present the most in the Earth’s mantle and at what percentage

A

Olivine makes up 60% of the Earths mantle

85
Q

what types of bonding occurs in a sheet silicate

A

covalent bonding within the sheets. Ionic bonding between

86
Q

how is serpentine formed

A

metamorphism of basalt

87
Q

how is dolomite formed

A

derived from shells/precipitates from seawater

88
Q

what type of mineral are most rock forming minerals

EAS 210 (20 decks)

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