L8 - Planning and Self-Regulation Flashcards
What is theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1991)?
See diagram
Identify strengths/weaknesses -> goal setting/intention to change -> (X) behaviour change
X indicates the intention behaviour gap
Also self regulation (Ajzen, 1991)
According to Bandura (1991), what is self-regulation??
The extent to which an individual is able to guide their thoughts, feelings, and behaviours to reach goals
What did Ntoumanis and Cumming (2016) state those who are most proficient in self regulation display??
- self-directed in pursuit of their ideal standards
- make sacrifices, ignore impulses
- use self knowledge of their strengths and weaknesses
- adaptive motivational processes, adapt strategies
According to Holland et al (2010) and Woodcock et al (2011) what is self- regulation comprised of?
- Mental techniques (e.g. Goal setting, action planning, mindfulness, imagery)
- Mental skills (self control, recognising strengths, handling pressure)
- Mental qualities (positive characteristics, e.g., confidence)
What did Ntoumanis and Cumming (2016) believe are two key ingredients of self regulation?
- meta cognition -> ability to regulate thinking, identify and monitor strengths and weaknesses, incorporate mental techniques where necessary
- self control (will power) -> override habits and distinctions to reach our goals
What did Duda et al (2005) various others find self regulation to be positively associated with?
Positive links with physical and mental well-being, academic achievement and the workplace
What did the Marshmellow experiment show? (Mischel, 1977; 1989)
15 years later, the waiters had:
Better physical health, handled stress better, enjoyed better friendships, more grit, less substance abuse, better grades
What is Bandura (1986) 3 component model of self-regulation?
See diagram
Performance goals - setting goals, action planning, direct thoughts emotions and behaviours
Self evaluative reactions - positive/negative emotions, behavioural adjustments, changes in effort
Self-efficacy beliefs - motivation, taking action, cog resources, effort/ perseverance
Performance goals self-evaluative reactions self-efficacy beliefs
What is phase 1 of Zimmerman’s (2002) phases of self regulation?
Forethought -> expert athlete - sets specific outcome and process goals, plans how they will accomplish these goals, higher outcome expectancy, self efficacy and intrinsic motivation
What is phase 2 of Zimmerman’s phases of self regulation?
Performance control -> expert athlete - greater self monitoring and self control, more use of mental techniques such as imagery, self talk and attention focusing
What is phase 3 of Zimmerman’s phases of self regulation?
Self reflection -> expert athlete - self evaluate, attribute causation, experience satisfaction, adapt performance
See diagram for triangle connection
What are the practical implications of the Bandura (1986) and Zimmerman (2002) models??
- Specific personal goals and action plans
- Regular self-reflection/monitoring and goal realignment
- Use of mental techniques (e.g. Imagery, self talk and attention focusing)
- Reflecting on achievements to build self-efficacy, persistence and protect against demotivation
What did Beauchamp et al (1996) find when giving experimental group 14 weeks of forethought, performance control and self-reflection??
Results showed better intrinsic motivation, putting performance and more consistent putting routines
What did Robazza et al (2004) find when looking at self-monitoring to develop self-regulation?
Found increased strategies, more facilitative emotions and body symptoms.
Also observations of self regulations became more associated with best performance
What is the PAR programme as proposed by Kirschenbaum et al (1998)?
- Preparation - hitting varied practice balls, stretching
- Positive focusing - direct attention to better shots, imagery use, self talk
- plan - handicap/par, conservation, target position
- apply - pre shot routines, commit 100% focus
- react - be optimistic, positive self talk
