L11 - Imagery Flashcards
What did Cumming and Hall (2002) find when looking at imagery?
They found that elite/more successful athletes use imagery more than non elite / less successful athletes.
What is the definition of imagery? (White and Hardy, 1998)
- an experience that mimics real experience
- we can be aware of seeing an image, feeling movements as an image, or experiencing an image of smell, taste or sound without experiencing the real thing
- it differs from dreams in that we are awake and conscious when we form an image
Discuss the idea that imagery ‘mimics real experience’??
- neural overlap occurs
- functional equivalence = shared central neural activity patterning
- an important form of mental practice for both developing and elite athletes
(Holmes and Collins, 2001; Wakefield et al, 2013)
Discuss “perception without sensation” and “deliberate and conscious” in relation to imagery?
- imagery is more than just seeing with the minds eye
- before/during/after, ill/injured, travelling
What are the main lines of evidence in imagery?
Movement time, cardiac/respiratory indices, neuro-imaging studies
What is temporal equivalence?
Actual walking time must equal imaged walking time
Discuss cardiac and respiratory indices (Gallego et al, 1996)
Breathing and cardiac frequency increased during imagery of a past sporting event
Evidence that breathing is controlled at the central executive level
Discuss neuroimaging studies in relation to imagery?
FMRI evidence to suggest that imagery activates brain areas involved with planning, generation and execution of complex motor tasks (Schubotz and Cramon, 2004)
What is behavioural matching?
Motor imagery interventions should simulate as closely as possible, all aspects of participants execution situations (Wakefield et al, 2013)
What are the implications for imagery use, in reference to behavioural matching?
- Supplement to physical exercise
- Substitute some amounts of physical practice
- Match imagined and actual performance environments
What is the PETTLEP model (Holmes and Collins, 2001; Wakefield and Smith, 2012)??
Physical - the stance and implements used
Environment - the competitive environment
Task - the nature of the task being imaged
Timing - the ‘real time’ nature of the intervention
Learning - updating the script as learning occurs
Emotion - inclusions of emotions linked to performance
Perspective - the viewpoint that the athlete takes
What is basic premise of bioinformational theory (Lang, 1979)
Stimulus + response + meaning
Discuss ‘physical’ component of PETTLEP
- make imagery experience as physical as possible
- the most important element and best supported by research
Discuss ‘task’ component of PETTLEP model?
- key components of task to image
Images situation (attentional demands, situation changes) = actual situation (attentional demands, situation changes)
Discuss ‘timing’ component of PETTLEP model?
- image in real time
Actual running time from A->B
Imaged running time from A->B
Discuss ‘learning’ component of PETTLEP?
- imagery should change with learning and practice
- imagery content = current stage of learning
Discuss ‘emotion’ component of PETTLEP?
Include appropriate emotions, imaging inappropriate emotions may have a debilitative effect on subsequent performance
Discuss ‘perspective’ component of PETTLEP model?
- Use appropriate visual imagery perspective
Visual perspective = demands of task
External visual imagery (3PP)
Internal visual imagery (1PP)
Discuss evidence for PETTLEP (Smith et al, 2007)
They showed that performance was highest for the sport specific imagery group, providing evidence for PETTLEP
- FE was used to explain why imagery works
- different lines of evidence were provided in support of FE
- suggestions for maximising FE via behavioural matching were offered
What are the 4 W’s of imagery?
Where (location)
When (timeframe)
Why (reason for imaging)
What (imagery content
What are the components of Hall et al’s (1998) 2x2 framework??
Cog specific - skill images
Cog general - strategy, routines, planning images
Motiv specific - goal and goal achievement image
Motiv general - Affect (MGA) and Mastery (MGM) images
Discuss the RAMDIU (Cumming and Williams, 2012,2013)
Where, when + who -> why -> what and how -> outcome
Why - what how also connected by personal meaning
-Why refers to the 2x2 framework
According to Cummings and Williams (2012,2013), when does effective imagery occur??
When Function = outcome
Effective and meaningful imagery
Discuss cognitive specific?
Blair et al fuck off
Harmful effects occur possibly, when imagery is removed from the training program (Savoy and Bietzel,1996)
Discuss cognitive general?
- Munroe-chandler et al (2005) showed that both CS and CG increased over time, but the CS group displayed higher scores than the CG group
Discuss motivational specific (MS)?
- increase motivation to attain goals
- Martin and Hall (1995) showed performance and outcome imagery group had higher results than performance imagery and controls
Discuss motivational general arousal (MG-A)
- Mellalieu et al (2009) showed that a participant has increased cognitive, somatic and self confidence symptoms after intervention
Discuss motivational general mastery (MG-M)
- Callow et al (2001) showed confidence typically increased with intervention
What is imagery ability?
” An individuals capability to form vivid, controllable images and retain them for sufficient time to effect the desired imagery rehearsal “muris et al (2005)
Affects the what and how, and the outcome component of the RAMDIU
What does multiple processes and dimensions mean, in reference to imagery ability
Fixed “ability”
Modifiable “skill”
What did Cumming and Ste-Marie(2001) find when looking at visual vs kinaesthetic?
Found visual was easier to see/feel compared to kinaesthetic
What are the types of imagery ability measures?
Subjective - questionnaires, interviews
Objective - behavioural, neurological, physiological
What are the subjective approaches to imagery ability (Williams and Cumming, 2011)
skill imagery ability - making corrections to physical skills
Strategy imagery ability - alternative plans/strategies
Goal imagery ability - myself winning
Affect imagery ability - the excitement associated with performing
Mastery imagery ability - remaining confident in a difficult situation
What is a more age appropriate measure of imagery ability?
Movement imagery questionnaire children (MIQ-C)
Step 1 - physically perform movement
Step 2 - image movement
Step 3 - rate ease/difficulty of imaging
- educational phase - internal visual imagery, external visual imagery,kinaesthetic imagery,
What are some aids to image generation?
Inputs (internal -> external)
Scripts
Video
PETTLEP elements (physical, environment)
Layered stimulus response training = building images in layers, discuss bioinformational theory in reference to this?
Meaning propositions/response propositions/stimulus propositions
-> image (perfectly clear and vivid)
Response propositions key in BT
Discuss the cycles of LSRT (Cumming et al, 2016)
Image -> reflect
Develop layer -> image
Reflect -> develop layer
Reflect -> image
What in essence does the RAMDIU propose?
That athletes should use the appropriate function of imagery for achieving their desired outcome
Whether outcomes are achieved will depend on if : imagery is meaningful, individuals ability to image
