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ANATOMY - head, neck & spine > L6 blood supply to the CNS > Flashcards

L6 blood supply to the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

(recap) Through what **artery branch **does the subclavian artery supply the CNS?

A
  • vertebral artery
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2
Q

what are the** 2 systems of blood supply **to the brain?

A

1.** Carotid -** internal carotid artery & its branches (anterior circulation)
2. Vertebrobasilar - vertibral and basilar branches (posterior circulation)

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3
Q

what do the internal carotid arteries and their branches supply?

A
  • they supply blood to the majority of the forebrain
  • this is why they are classified as the** anterior circulation**
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4
Q

where do the vertebral arteries supply blood to?

A
  • supply blood to the spinal chord
  • brainstem
  • cerebellum
  • posterior cerebral hemispheres (ie occipital and temporal lobes)
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5
Q

what is the circle of willis?

A
  • an anatomical structure that provides an anastomotic **connection between the anterior and posterior circulations **
  • a circle around the hypothalamus and optic nerve at the base of the brain
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6
Q

Briefly describe the anterior circulation

ie describe the branches of the ICA

A

Internal carotid artery branches
* **middle and anterior cerebral artery **- supply the cortex and penetrate the brain to supply deep structures
* ophthalamic artery
* anterior choroidal artery
* posterior communicating artery

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7
Q

Briefly describe posterior circulation
ie the branches of the vertebasilar system

A

vertebrobasilar artery and branches
* vertebral artery
* posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
* anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
* Basilar artery
* pontine branches
* superior cerebellar artery
* posterior cerebellar artery

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8
Q

what are the 3 arteries that run along the spinal chord? (longitudinal vessels)

A
  1. anterior spinal artery
  2. right posterior spinal artery
  3. left posterior spinal artery
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9
Q

what are the arteries that supply **each segment **of the spinal cord called?

A

segmental arteries

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10
Q

what do the segmental vessels split into?

A

the anterior and posterior **radicular branches **

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11
Q

what are the** roles/ function** of the anterior and posterior radicular branches?

A
  • they run into cord along dorsal and ventral nerve roots
  • supply lumbar & sacral regions of spinal cord
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12
Q

what are the 2 types of cerebral veins?

A
  1. superficial
  2. deep
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13
Q

what is the function of the superficial cerebral vein?

A
  • drains cortex
  • empties blood into adjacent sinuses of dura
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14
Q

what is the function of the deep cerebral veins?

A
  • they drain the deeper structures - the basal nuclei, internal capsule (white matter structure in brain) & choroid plexus
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15
Q

what are the dural venous sinuses?

A
  • they are major vascular channels contained between the meningeal & periosteal layers of the dura mater
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16
Q

where are most of the dural venous sinuses located next to?

A

the falx cerebri (fold in dura mater) & tentorium cerebelli (extension of dura mater)

17
Q

what are the major dural venous sinuses?

A
  • superior saggital sinus
  • inferior saggital sinus
  • straight sinus
  • transverse sinus
  • sigmoid sinus
18
Q

what is the main function of the dural venous sinuses?

A
  • to drain all venous blood within the cranial cavity into the internal jugular vein
  • they also drain CSF through arachnoid granulations
19
Q

Describe the superior saggital sinus

A
  • **occupies **the longitudinal fissure of the brain (line through both hemipsheres)
  • lies along the superior margin of the falx cerebri
20
Q

Describe the inferior saggital sinus

A
  • lies along inferior margin of falx cerebri
  • joins the great cerebral vein
21
Q

Describe the** straight sinus**

A
  • midline structure
  • located at the** posterior end of the falx cerebri** and the middle of the tentorium cerebelli
22
Q

what is the confluence of sinuses?

A
  • the point of union between the superior saggital sinus, straight sinus, occipital sinus and transverse sinuses
23
Q

describe the transverse sinus

A
  • **begins **at the confluence of sinuses
  • extends along the edges of the tentorium cerebelli
  • **paired **sinus - right and left
24
Q

Describe the sigmoid sinus

A
  • **continuation **of straight sinus
  • paired sinus
  • S shaped sinuses
  • joins the internal jugular vein
25
Q

What is the pathway for the flow of deoxygenated blood through the sinuses?

A

* superior saggital sinus drains into confluence of sinus
* inferior saggital sinus drains into straight sinus which then drains into COS (again)
* confluence of sinus drains into the **transferse sinus
* cavernous sinus **drains into the superior petrosal sinus which drains into the transverse sinus
* transverse sinus drains into sigmoid sinus
* sigmoid sinus drains into internal jugular vein

26
Q

what are the channels called that connect the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle?

A
  • intraventricular foramen
27
Q

what connects the** 3rd and 4th ventricle**?

A
  • the cerebral aqueduct
28
Q

where are the 4 ventricles located?

A
  • two lateral (left and right)
  • third ventricle (centre of brain)
  • 4th (under the cerebellum)
29
Q

recap - Describe CSF circulation

A
  1. CSF drains from the lateral ventricle
  2. goes to the **3rd ventricle **(through the interventricular foramen)
  3. goes from the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle (through the cerebral aqueduct)
  4. CSF drains into the subarachnoid space and enters the superior saggital sinus through arachnoid granulations
  5. from the superior saggital sinus, the CSF drains into the venous circulation
30
Q

where are the arachnoid granulations located?

A
  • subdural space - between the arachnoid & dura mater
31
Q

what is an important function of the arachnoid granulations?

A
  • the CSF leaves the subarachnoid space and enters the venous system
  • granulations allow for** CSF absorption**
32
Q

what is the** blood brain barrier**?

A
  • a physical barrier
  • formed by tight junctions between endothelial cells
33
Q

what is the** function** of the blood brain barrier?

A
  • prevents harmful substances from passing through
  • allows substances eg H20, CO2, O2 in
  • drug delivery
34
Q

what is a stroke and what are the 2 types?

A
  • stroke - inadequate blood flow - oxygen deprivation
  • two types - ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke
35
Q

Compare the cause of an ischaemic stroke vs haemorrhage stroke

A
  • an ischaemic stroke is caused by blockage or cut off of blood supply to the brain - most common
  • haemorrhage - bleeding in or around the brain
36
Q

what is a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A
  • bleeding within the subarachnoid space
  • major head trauma
37
Q

What is the middle meningeal artery?

branches, function etc

A
  • the middle meningeal artery is a branch of the maxillay artery (ECA)
  • functions to supply blood to the skull and dura matter of the brain

ANATOMY - head, neck & spine (21 decks)

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