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ANATOMY - head, neck & spine > L16- endocrine & exocrine glands of the head and neck > Flashcards

L16- endocrine & exocrine glands of the head and neck Flashcards

1
Q

what are exocrine glands & give an example?

A

glands that produce and secrete substances, externally & internally onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct
example- lacrimal gland/ salivary gland

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2
Q

what is an endocrine gland & give a few examples?

A

endocrine glands secrete their products directly (internally) into the blood stream

eg hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland etc

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3
Q

describe the location of the lacrimal gland

A
  • paired gland
  • located anterioly in the superolateral orbit within the lacirmal fossa of frontal bone
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4
Q

what does the lacrimal gland secrete?

A
  • secretes lacrimal fluid onto surfaces of conjuntiva and cornea
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5
Q

**what is the function of lacrimal fluid?

A
  • it** cleans, nourishes and lubricates** the eye
  • forms tears when produced in excess
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6
Q

Describe lacrimal fluid secretion

A
  • lacrimal fluid is secreted into the lacrimal ducts
  • the lacrimal ducts empty into the conjunctiva and spread by blinking
  • drains into lacrimal sac
  • sac located in the groove of lacrimal bone
  • fluid then drains down the nasolacrimal duct and empties in the inferior meatus of nasal cavity
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7
Q

how does the lacrimal gland receive sensory innervation?

A

the gland receives sensory innervation via the ophthalmic nerve (V1 of trigeminal nerve)

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8
Q

what effects does the parasympathetic system have on the lacriaml gland and through what nerve?

A
  • PNS stimulates secretio of the lacrimal gland
  • secretomotor innervation of the greater petrosal nerve (branch of facial nerve)
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9
Q

what do the post ganglionic fibres travel along with? (that innervate the lacrimal gland)

A

they travel with the maxillary nerve (V2 of trigeminal nerve)

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10
Q

what effect does the sympatehtic system have on the lacirmal glands?

A

it inhibits secretion

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11
Q

Describe the sympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland

A
  • fibres come from the superior cervical ganglion
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11
Q

Describe the sympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland

A
  • fibres come from the superior cervical ganglion
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12
Q

in what 2 ways can inflammation of the lacrimal gland occur?

A
  • acute - from viral / bacterial infection
  • chronic - non infectious inflammatory condition due to inflammatory disorder eg sarcoidosis
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13
Q

what are the symptoms of inflammation of the lacirmal gland?

A
  • swelling
  • pain
  • excess tear production
  • possible visual impairment
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14
Q

Describe the location of the sublingual gland

A
  • lies on the** floor of the oral cavity proper**
  • rests in **sublingual fossa of mandible **
  • located between the **genioglossus and mylohyoid muscles **
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15
Q

are the sublingual glands paired?

A

yes

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16
Q

what do both paired sublingual glands unite together to form?

A

both sublingual galnds unite anteriorly to form a single** U shaped mass **located underneath sides of lingual frenulum under tongue

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17
Q

where do the secretions of the sublingual gland drain into?

A

into the oral cavity proper via the minor sublingual ducts that open onto the sublingual folds

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18
Q

what are the sublingual folds?

A

an elevated mucous membrane fold

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19
Q

how can a sublingual cysts develop?

A
  • can happen due to higher mucin content in sublingual secretions compared to other salivary galnds
  • can arise from trauma to delicate sublingual ducts causing rupture
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20
Q

Describe the location of the submandibular gland

A
  • paired elongated submadibular gland arms hook around the mylohyoid muscle
  • the larger superficial arm lies inferior to the posterior half of mandible in the submandibular fossa and is outside the boundary of the oral cavity
  • the deep arm hooks around the posterior part of the mylohyoid muscle to enter oral cavity proper & lies laterally on hyoglossus muscle
21
Q

Describe 3 nerves does the submandibular gland & duct have a close anatomical relationship with?

A
  1. lingual nerve - begins lateral to submandibular duct and loops beneath duct to terminate as several branches
    2.** hypoglossal nerve** - deep to gland and runs superficial to hyoglossus muscle and deep to gastric
  2. **facial nerve **(mandibular branch) - curves inferiorly to the submandibular gland
22
Q

Describe the parasympathetic innervation of the sublingual and submandibular glands?

A
  • pre synaptic fibres travel via the chorda tympani nerve (branch of facial nerve) which joins the** lingual nerve** (branch of mandibular nerve V3 of CN5) before **synapsing at the submandibular ganglion **
  • the postganglionic secretomotor fibres directly induce secretion
23
Q

describe what effect the** post ganglionic sympathetic fibres **have on the sublingual and submandibular galnds

A
  • the post sympathetic fibres decrease the volume of salivary fluid secretion - resulting in more mucous saliva
24
why is the submandibular duct the most susceptible to blockage?
due to its long length and ascending secretory pathway and nature of salivary secretion
25
what is submandibular gland excision & why would you need to do this?
a surgery to remove either one or both of the submandibular salivary galnds mainly due to recurrent calculi (calcified deposits blocking the duct)
26
Describe the structure of the parotid gland
* **paired **salivary gland * located in **face** *** lobular and irregular** * divided into **deep and superficial lobes **by facial nerve
27
what are the boundaries of the parotid gland?
* zygomatic arch (superiorly) * inferior border of mandible (inferiorly) * masseter muscle (anteriorly) * external ear and SCM muscle (posteriorlu)
28
how do secretions of the parotid gland enter the mouth?
via the parotid duct
29
describe the course of the parotid duct
* arises from anterior gland (of paired gland) * transverses massmeter muscle * pierces buccinator muscle to open near the second upper molar in oral vestibule
30
what anatomical structures is the parotid gland in close association to | hint nerves and arteries
*** facial nerve** - its course runs along this gland but dosent innervate it * **external carotid artery **- ascends through gland - gives rise to the posterior auricular artery and then divides into its 2 terminal branches * **retromandibular vein **- deep to facial nerve - formed within gland by union of maxillary nerve & superficial temporal nerve
31
what nerve provides sensory innervation to the parotid gland
the** auriculotemporal nerve** (branch of mandibular nerve)
32
Describe the PSNS innervation of the parotid gland & what function it has
* the glossopharyngeal nerve - activates secretion * the auriculotemporal nerve
33
describe the sympathetic innervation of the parotid gland
* fibres from the superior cervial ganglion inibit saliva production
34
what is the most common site of salivary gland tumour?
the parotid gland
35
what is parotitis?
inflammation of the parotid gland usually from infection - eg mumps
36
Descirbe the structure of the thyroid gland
* singular gland * highly vascularised * H or U shaped gland in anterior neck between C5-T1 * 2 lateral lobes with superior and inferior poles connected across trachea via isthmus * wraps around the cricoid cartilage and superior tracheal rings
37
where is the thyroid gland located?
* located in deep visceral facial compartment of the neck along with trachea, oesophagus and pharynx * positioned inferior to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx
38
where does the thyroid gland secrete its hormones into?
directly into the blood stream - therefore it is a highly vascularised structure
39
what arteries supply the thyroid gland and what do they arise from?
* **superior thyroid artery** (1st branch of external carotid artery) - supplies the superior and anterior portion of gland *** inferior thyroid artery** - arises from the thyrocervical trunk (br of subclavian artery), supplies the posterioinferior portion of gland
40
decsribe the **venous drainage of the thyroid gland**
* venous drainage via the superior, middle and inferior thyroid vein - forms a venous plexus * superior and middle drain into internal jugular vein and inferior vein drains into the brachiocephalic vein
41
Describe the innervation of the thyroid gland
* innervation via the autonomic system * parasympathetic from vagus nerve * sympathetic fibres from branches from sympathetic trunk THESE NERVES DO NOT CONTROL ENDOCRINE SECRETION
42
what is the release of thyroid hormones regulated by?
the pituitary gland - it releases TRH
43
what care is taken in surgery to the thyroid gland?
* during surgery on thyroid gland, care is taken to not ligate or **damage recurrent R & L laryngeal nerves ** which arise from their resepctive vagus nerves
44
what can damage to the right laryngeal nerve cause?
can have the potential to cause unilateral vocal fold paralysis - voice hoarsness, changes in vocal pitch etc
45
what is the function of the parathyroid glands?
* they produce parathyroid hormone that regulates the bodys Ca2+ levels
46
Describe the structure of the parathyroid glands
* usually 4 glands - 2 superior and 2 inferior * size and shape of a grain of rice * not associated with thyroid gland
47
where are the parathyroid glands located?
they are located behind the lateral lobes of the thyroid glands
48
what artery supplies the parothyroid glands?
the inferior thyroid artery
49
what nerve bracnhes supply the parothyroid gland & what is their function?
* the thyroid branches of the cervical (sympathetic ganglia) * vasomotor nerves NOT SECRETOMOTOR - the endocrine secretion of PTH is controlled hormonally
50
what woud removal of all parathyroid gland in surgery cause?
removal of all PTH glands would cause decreased levels of Ca2+ in the plasma and lead to severe muscle twictches and cramps and death without urgent treatment

ANATOMY - head, neck & spine (21 decks)

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