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ANATOMY - head, neck & spine > L16- endocrine & exocrine glands of the head and neck > Flashcards

L16- endocrine & exocrine glands of the head and neck Flashcards

1
Q

what are exocrine glands & give an example?

A

glands that produce and secrete substances, externally & internally onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct
example- lacrimal gland/ salivary gland

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2
Q

what is an endocrine gland & give a few examples?

A

endocrine glands secrete their products directly (internally) into the blood stream

eg hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland etc

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3
Q

describe the location of the lacrimal gland

A
  • paired gland
  • located anterioly in the superolateral orbit within the lacirmal fossa of frontal bone
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4
Q

what does the lacrimal gland secrete?

A
  • secretes lacrimal fluid onto surfaces of conjuntiva and cornea
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5
Q

**what is the function of lacrimal fluid?

A
  • it** cleans, nourishes and lubricates** the eye
  • forms tears when produced in excess
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6
Q

Describe lacrimal fluid secretion

A
  • lacrimal fluid is secreted into the lacrimal ducts
  • the lacrimal ducts empty into the conjunctiva and spread by blinking
  • drains into lacrimal sac
  • sac located in the groove of lacrimal bone
  • fluid then drains down the nasolacrimal duct and empties in the inferior meatus of nasal cavity
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7
Q

how does the lacrimal gland receive sensory innervation?

A

the gland receives sensory innervation via the ophthalmic nerve (V1 of trigeminal nerve)

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8
Q

what effects does the parasympathetic system have on the lacriaml gland and through what nerve?

A
  • PNS stimulates secretio of the lacrimal gland
  • secretomotor innervation of the greater petrosal nerve (branch of facial nerve)
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9
Q

what do the post ganglionic fibres travel along with? (that innervate the lacrimal gland)

A

they travel with the maxillary nerve (V2 of trigeminal nerve)

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10
Q

what effect does the sympatehtic system have on the lacirmal glands?

A

it inhibits secretion

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11
Q

Describe the sympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland

A
  • fibres come from the superior cervical ganglion
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11
Q

Describe the sympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland

A
  • fibres come from the superior cervical ganglion
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12
Q

in what 2 ways can inflammation of the lacrimal gland occur?

A
  • acute - from viral / bacterial infection
  • chronic - non infectious inflammatory condition due to inflammatory disorder eg sarcoidosis
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13
Q

what are the symptoms of inflammation of the lacirmal gland?

A
  • swelling
  • pain
  • excess tear production
  • possible visual impairment
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14
Q

Describe the location of the sublingual gland

A
  • lies on the** floor of the oral cavity proper**
  • rests in **sublingual fossa of mandible **
  • located between the **genioglossus and mylohyoid muscles **
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15
Q

are the sublingual glands paired?

A

yes

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16
Q

what do both paired sublingual glands unite together to form?

A

both sublingual galnds unite anteriorly to form a single** U shaped mass **located underneath sides of lingual frenulum under tongue

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17
Q

where do the secretions of the sublingual gland drain into?

A

into the oral cavity proper via the minor sublingual ducts that open onto the sublingual folds

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18
Q

what are the sublingual folds?

A

an elevated mucous membrane fold

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19
Q

how can a sublingual cysts develop?

A
  • can happen due to higher mucin content in sublingual secretions compared to other salivary galnds
  • can arise from trauma to delicate sublingual ducts causing rupture
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20
Q

Describe the location of the submandibular gland

A
  • paired elongated submadibular gland arms hook around the mylohyoid muscle
  • the larger superficial arm lies inferior to the posterior half of mandible in the submandibular fossa and is outside the boundary of the oral cavity
  • the deep arm hooks around the posterior part of the mylohyoid muscle to enter oral cavity proper & lies laterally on hyoglossus muscle
21
Q

Describe 3 nerves does the submandibular gland & duct have a close anatomical relationship with?

A
  1. lingual nerve - begins lateral to submandibular duct and loops beneath duct to terminate as several branches
    2.** hypoglossal nerve** - deep to gland and runs superficial to hyoglossus muscle and deep to gastric
  2. **facial nerve **(mandibular branch) - curves inferiorly to the submandibular gland
22
Q

Describe the parasympathetic innervation of the sublingual and submandibular glands?

A
  • pre synaptic fibres travel via the chorda tympani nerve (branch of facial nerve) which joins the** lingual nerve** (branch of mandibular nerve V3 of CN5) before **synapsing at the submandibular ganglion **
  • the postganglionic secretomotor fibres directly induce secretion
23
Q

describe what effect the** post ganglionic sympathetic fibres **have on the sublingual and submandibular galnds

A
  • the post sympathetic fibres decrease the volume of salivary fluid secretion - resulting in more mucous saliva
24
Q

why is the submandibular duct the most susceptible to blockage?

A

due to its long length and ascending secretory pathway and nature of salivary secretion

25
Q

what is submandibular gland excision & why would you need to do this?

A

a surgery to remove either one or both of the submandibular salivary galnds mainly due to recurrent calculi (calcified deposits blocking the duct)

26
Q

Describe the structure of the parotid gland

A
  • **paired **salivary gland
  • located in face
    * lobular and irregular
  • divided into **deep and superficial lobes **by facial nerve
27
Q

what are the boundaries of the parotid gland?

A
  • zygomatic arch (superiorly)
  • inferior border of mandible (inferiorly)
  • masseter muscle (anteriorly)
  • external ear and SCM muscle (posteriorlu)
28
Q

how do secretions of the parotid gland enter the mouth?

A

via the parotid duct

29
Q

describe the course of the parotid duct

A
  • arises from anterior gland (of paired gland)
  • transverses massmeter muscle
  • pierces buccinator muscle to open near the second upper molar in oral vestibule
30
Q

what anatomical structures is the parotid gland in close association to

hint nerves and arteries

A

* facial nerve - its course runs along this gland but dosent innervate it
* **external carotid artery **- ascends through gland - gives rise to the posterior auricular artery and then divides into its 2 terminal branches
* **retromandibular vein **- deep to facial nerve - formed within gland by union of maxillary nerve & superficial temporal nerve

31
Q

what nerve provides sensory innervation to the parotid gland

A

the** auriculotemporal nerve** (branch of mandibular nerve)

32
Q

Describe the PSNS innervation of the parotid gland & what function it has

A
  • the glossopharyngeal nerve - activates secretion
  • the auriculotemporal nerve
33
Q

describe the sympathetic innervation of the parotid gland

A
  • fibres from the superior cervial ganglion inibit saliva production
34
Q

what is the most common site of salivary gland tumour?

A

the parotid gland

35
Q

what is parotitis?

A

inflammation of the parotid gland usually from infection - eg mumps

36
Q

Descirbe the structure of the thyroid gland

A
  • singular gland
  • highly vascularised
  • H or U shaped gland in anterior neck between C5-T1
  • 2 lateral lobes with superior and inferior poles connected across trachea via isthmus
  • wraps around the cricoid cartilage and superior tracheal rings
37
Q

where is the thyroid gland located?

A
  • located in deep visceral facial compartment of the neck along with trachea, oesophagus and pharynx
  • positioned inferior to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx
38
Q

where does the thyroid gland secrete its hormones into?

A

directly into the blood stream - therefore it is a highly vascularised structure

39
Q

what arteries supply the thyroid gland and what do they arise from?

A
  • superior thyroid artery (1st branch of external carotid artery) - supplies the superior and anterior portion of gland
    * inferior thyroid artery - arises from the thyrocervical trunk (br of subclavian artery), supplies the posterioinferior portion of gland
40
Q

decsribe the venous drainage of the thyroid gland

A
  • venous drainage via the superior, middle and inferior thyroid vein - forms a venous plexus
  • superior and middle drain into internal jugular vein and inferior vein drains into the brachiocephalic vein
41
Q

Describe the innervation of the thyroid gland

A
  • innervation via the autonomic system
  • parasympathetic from vagus nerve
  • sympathetic fibres from branches from sympathetic trunk

THESE NERVES DO NOT CONTROL ENDOCRINE SECRETION

42
Q

what is the release of thyroid hormones regulated by?

A

the pituitary gland - it releases TRH

43
Q

what care is taken in surgery to the thyroid gland?

A
  • during surgery on thyroid gland, care is taken to not ligate or **damage recurrent R & L laryngeal nerves ** which arise from their resepctive vagus nerves
44
Q

what can damage to the right laryngeal nerve cause?

A

can have the potential to cause unilateral vocal fold paralysis - voice hoarsness, changes in vocal pitch etc

45
Q

what is the function of the parathyroid glands?

A
  • they produce parathyroid hormone that regulates the bodys Ca2+ levels
46
Q

Describe the structure of the parathyroid glands

A
  • usually 4 glands - 2 superior and 2 inferior
  • size and shape of a grain of rice
  • not associated with thyroid gland
47
Q

where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

they are located behind the lateral lobes of the thyroid glands

48
Q

what artery supplies the parothyroid glands?

A

the inferior thyroid artery

49
Q

what nerve bracnhes supply the parothyroid gland & what is their function?

A
  • the thyroid branches of the cervical (sympathetic ganglia)
  • vasomotor nerves NOT SECRETOMOTOR - the endocrine secretion of PTH is controlled hormonally
50
Q

what woud removal of all parathyroid gland in surgery cause?

A

removal of all PTH glands would cause decreased levels of Ca2+ in the plasma and lead to severe muscle twictches and cramps and death without urgent treatment

ANATOMY - head, neck & spine (21 decks)

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