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ANATOMY - head, neck & spine > L15 larynx and trachea > Flashcards

L15 larynx and trachea Flashcards

1
Q

what are the** 3 layers of the cervical viscera **(or viscera of the neck)?

A
  1. endocrine layer-thyroid and parathyroid gland
  2. **respiratory layer **- larynx and trachea
  3. alimentary layer - pharynx and oesophagus
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2
Q

what are the main functions of the respiratory layer of the cervical viscera?

A
  • routing air and food into the respiratory tract and oesophagus respectively
  • producing voice
  • porviding an airway and a means of sealing it off temporarily (a valve)
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3
Q

where is the larynx located in the neck?

A
  • located in the anterior neck
  • anterior to the cervical part of the oesophagus
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4
Q

at what area of the spine does the larynx sit?

males vs females

A
  • in males it sits at the level of the 3rd to 6th cervical vertebrae
  • however in females it sits slightly higher
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5
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the larynx?

A
  • breathing
  • phonation - producing sounds
  • protection of the respiratory system by preventing the swallowing of large matter
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6
Q

what is the larynx lined by?

A

a mucous membrane

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7
Q

how many cartilages (unpaired and paired) is the larynx made up of?

A
  • 9 cartilages
  • 3 paired
  • 3 unpaired
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8
Q

what are the** 3 unpaired cartilages?**

A
  1. epiglottis (elastic)
  2. thyroid (hyaline)
  3. cricoid (hyaline)
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9
Q

what are the 3 paired cartilages in the larynx?

A
  1. arytenoid (hyaline)
  2. corniculate (elastic)
  3. cuneiform (elastic)
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10
Q

what is the epiglottis and what is its main function?

A
  • it is a leaf shaped piece of elastic cartilage sitting posterior to the hyoid bone
  • functions to prevent food from entering the airways during swallowing
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11
Q

what is the cricoid cartilage?

A
  • it is a complete ring of hyaline cartilage between the thyroid cartilage and the trachea
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12
Q

what is the purpose of a cricothyrotomy?

A

the incision made through the skin and cricothyroid membrane to establish a patients airway and allow them them to breath during life threatening circumstances

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13
Q

what is an example of an** extrinsic membrane** of the larynx?

A
  • thyrohyoid membrane - connects the superior thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone
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14
Q

what are the **2 ligaments **associated with the thyrohyoid membrane?

A
  • the median thyrohyoid ligament - anteromedial thickening of membrane
  • lateral thyrohyoid ligament - posterolateral thickening of membrane
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15
Q

what are 2 examples of extrinsic ligaments of the pharynx & what structures do they connect?

ie extrinsic group connects parts of the larynx to other structures

A
  • **hyo-epiglottic ligament **- connects the hyoid bone to the anterior aspect of the epiglottis
  • cricotracheal ligament - connects the cricoid cartilage to the first tracheal cartilage
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16
Q

Describe the cricothyroid membrane / ligament

A
  • intrinsic membrane/ ligament
  • originates from the cricoid cartilage and extends superiorly
  • the upper part is **thickened **and forms the vocal folds
  • the medial part is thicker and forms the **median cricothyroid ligament **
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17
Q

What is the quadrangular membrane?

A
  • extends from the** lateral surface of the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilages**, corniculate and thyroid cartilages
  • the lower margin is thickened and forms the **vestibular fold **
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18
Q

what is the lateral cricothyroid ligament called?

A

the conus elasticus

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19
Q

what is the function of the laryngeal folds?

A

they function in airway protection, breathing and phonation

20
Q

what are the** 2 laryngeal folds**?

A
  1. vocal folds
  2. vestibular folds
21
Q

Describe the vocal folds

A
  • true vocal cords
  • under control by the** muscles of phonation**
  • they can be abducted, adducted, relaxed and tensed to control the pitch of sounds
22
Q

describe the vestibular folds

A
  • false vocal cords
  • fixed folds - relatively inelastic to protect larynx
  • no role in sound production
23
Q

what are rhe 2 groups of muscles in the larynx called?

A
  • intrinsic muscles
  • extrinsic muscles
24
Q

what are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx and what ‘subgroups’ are they under?

A

infra hyoid group
* sternothyroid
* sternohyoid
* thyrohyoid
Supra hyoid group
* mylohyoid
* geniohyoid
* stylohyoid
* digastric muscle

25
Q

what are the functions of the extrinsic muscles?

A
  • to** elevate** the larynx during swallowing
  • to depress the larynx after swallowing
26
Q

what is the function of the cricothyroid muscle? (intrinsic muscle)

A
  • lengthening and stretching the vocal ligaments - creating a high pitch sound
27
Q

what is the function of the thyroarytenoid muscle and vocalis?

A

to shorten (relax) the vocal cords - make a low pitch

28
Q

what are the 3 intrinsic muscles of the larynx that function to open and close the glottis?

A
  • the posterior cricoarytenoid
  • lateral cricoarytenoid
  • transverse and oblique arytenoids
29
Q

what is the specific action of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles?

A

they abduct the vocal ligaments - lengthens the vocal cords

30
Q

what is the specific action of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles?

A
  • they adduct the vocal ligaments
31
Q

what is the specific action of the transverse arytenoid muscle?

A

they adduct vocal ligaments

32
Q

what cranial nerve supplies both motor and sensory innervation to the larynx?

A

the vagus nerve CNX

33
Q

Describe the sensory innervation of the larynx both above and below the vocal folds

A
  • above vocal folds - internal laryngeal nerve
  • below folds - recurrent laryngeal nerve
34
Q

Describe the motor innervation to the instrinsic

A

instrinsic muscles - recurrent larygneal nerve
EXCEPT CRICOTHYROID - supplied by the external laryngeal nerve

35
Q

Describe the blood supply to the upper and lower half of the larynx

A

upper half - superior laryngeal artery - which is a branch from the superior thyroid artery
lower half - inferior laryngeal artery - which is a branch from the inferior thyroid artery

36
Q

Describe the blood supply to the upper and lower half of the larynx

A

upper half - superior laryngeal artery - which is a branch from the superior thyroid artery
lower half - inferior laryngeal artery - which is a branch from the inferior thyroid artery

37
Q

what is phonation?

A

air passing through the glottis and causing vibration of the vocal folds and sound production

38
Q

what does the pitch of the sound produced depend on?

A
  • diameter
  • length
  • tension
    of vocal cords
39
Q

what occurs as the** length **of the vocal cord increases vs decreases ?

A
  • increase in length -tension increases and the pitch rises
  • decrease in length - tension decreases and the pitch lowers
40
Q

what is the intensity of the sound (or loudness) related to?

A

changes in the subglottal air pressure

41
Q

where does the trachea arise from?

A

arises at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage as a continuation of the larynx

42
Q

what does the trachea bifurate into?

A

the left and right bronchi

43
Q

Describe the cartilage found in the trachea

A
  • c shaped
  • hyaline cartilage
  • posterior part is bridged by trachealis muscle (smooth muscle)
44
Q

Describe the vasculature of the trachea

A
  • bronchial arteries
  • inferior thyroid arteries
  • inferior thyroid vein
45
Q

Describe the** innervation of the larynx**

A
  • vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerve - parasympathetic NS
  • sympathetic NS

ANATOMY - head, neck & spine (21 decks)

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