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ANATOMY - head, neck & spine > L14 cranial nerves VII-XII > Flashcards

L14 cranial nerves VII-XII Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 main origins of the cranial nerves?

A
  • cerebrum
  • brain stem
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2
Q

where do cranial nerve 1 and 2 originate from?

A

the cerebrum

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3
Q

RECAP- where does the oculomotor nerve originate from?

A

the midbrain pontine junction

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4
Q

RECAP - where does the trochlear nerve originate from?

A

the posterior side of the midbrain

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5
Q

where does the trigeminal nerve originate from?

A

the pons

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6
Q

where do the abducens nerve, facial nerve and vestibulocochlear nerve originate from?

A

the pontine medulla junction

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7
Q

what cranial nerves originate in the medulla?

A
  • glossopharyngeal
  • vagus
  • hypoglossal
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8
Q

where does cranial nerve 11 originate from?

A

the lateral cervical spinal cord

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9
Q

Where does the facial nerve exit the cranial cavity?

A

the stylomastoid foramen

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10
Q

what are the main functions of the facial nerve (CN VII)?

A
  • special visceral efferent - controls muscles of facial expression
  • general visceral efferent - parasympathetic innervation to lacrimal gland, submandibular & sublingual salivary glands and mucous glands of mouth and nose
  • special visceral afferent -** taste sensations to anterior 2/3 of tongue** through chorda tympani branch
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11
Q

does the facial nerve innervate the parotid gland? If not, what cranial nerve innervates this gland?

A
  • No, it passes through it but does not innervate it
  • the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) innervates it
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12
Q

what causes bells palsy?

A

a lesion in the facial nerve

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13
Q

What are the 5 branches of the facial nerve?

T.Z.B.MM.C

A
  • temporal
  • zygomatic
  • buccal
  • marginal mandibular
  • cervical
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14
Q

Describe the course of the facial nerve

A
  • CN VII arises from the pontomedullary junction
  • traverses to the internal acoustic meatus and follows the facial canal to the stylomastoid foramen
  • it exits the cranial cavity via the stylomastoid foramen and enters the parotid gland to form the parotid plexus
  • it then divides into 5 branches
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15
Q

what is the sensory ganglion of CNVII called?

A

the geniculate ganglion

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16
Q

How is the motor function of the facial nerve tested on a patient?

A
  • test the motor function by asking patients to show teeth and smile, raise eyebrows, frown, close eyes tightly, puff out cheeks etc
  • observations are recorded
  • all the facial muscles should be bilateral and equal in strength
17
Q

how is the sensory function of the facial nerve tested on a patient?

A
  • test for sensory function of facial nerve by using drops of taste strips on either half of the anterior 2/3 of tomgue
  • ensure to rinse mouth between tests and record results
18
Q

what is a complete lack of gustation called?

A

ageusia

19
Q

what is a reduced gustation called?

A

hypogeusia

20
Q

what are the main functons of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A
  • special somatic afferent - axons carry modalities of hearing and balance
21
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A
  1. cochlear nerve
  2. vestibular nerve
22
Q

Describe the cochlear nerve

A
  • composed of central process of bipolar neurons in spiral ganglion
  • the peripheral processes of the neurons extend to the organ of corti for sense of hearing
23
Q

Describe the vestibular nerve

ie what ganglion called, what organs do the processes supply?

A
  • composed of central processes of bipolar neurons in the vestibular ganglion
  • the vestibular ganglion houses cell bodies of bipolar neurons and extend processes to** supply 5 sensory organs**
  • 4 cristae - located in semicircular canals
  • 2 maculae of the saccule and utricle
24
Q

what is conduction deafness?

A

when sound is impaired from reaching the receptors in the inner ear
* ie deafness in apparatus that allows sound to reach inner ear

25
Q

what is sensorineural deafness?

A

damage to the inner ear receptors, cochlear nerve or the auditory pathways within the brain

26
Q

what is the rinne test?

A
  • a test that compares the perception of sounds transmitted by air conduction to those transmitted by bone conduction
  • screening for conductive hearing loss
27
Q

what is the weber test?

A
  • this test can** detect unilateral conductive hearing loss** (one sided middle ear hearing loss) and** unilateral sensorineural hearing loss** ( one sided inner ear hearing loss)
  • if both ears are normal the subject will hear the sound equally in both ears
  • for the unilateral sensorineural deafness, the subject will hear the sound with good ear but not affected ear
28
Q

What are the functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A
  • elevation of the pharynx - stylopharyngeus muscle
  • salvation through parotid gland
  • taste for the posterior 1/3 of tongue
29
Q

Describe the course of the glossopharyngeal nerve

A
  • emerges from the medulla oblongata
  • leaves cranium through the jugular foramen
  • then follows and supplies the stylopharyngeus muscle, passes etween the superior and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscles to reach oropharynx and tongue
30
Q

what are the** functions of the vagus nerve (CN X)**?

A
  • movements of the larynx, pharynx and soft palate
  • parasympathetic innervation to the thorax and abdomen
  • general visceral afferent from aortic baroreceptors pulmonary stretch receptor, abdominal - visceral sensations etc
31
Q

Describe the course of the vagus nerve

A
  • nerve emerge from the **medulla oblongata **
  • the rootlets merge and leave the cranium via the jugular foramen, which contains th**e superior **(general sensory) and **inferior **(visceral and special sensory) ganglia
  • the vagus nerve continues inferiorly in the carotid sheath
  • they give rise to the right and left laryngeal nerves, before forming the** oesophageal plexus **and **reforming the anterior and posterior vagal trunks **which continue to the abdomen
32
Q

what are the main branches of the vagus nerve?

A
  1. **the neck **
    * pharyngeal branches - motor innervation to the muscles of the pharynx and soft palate
    * recurrent laryngeal nerve (right side) - innervates the intrinsic laryngeal muscles
  2. Thorax
    * cardiac branches - heart
  3. Abdomen
    * vagal trunks terminate by dividing into branches that supply the oesophagus, stomach and large intestines
33
Q

how can you test the sensory function of CN IX and the motor function of CNX?

A

testing for the gag reflex
* if there is an absence of the gag reflex, this may be due to a lesion of either CN IX or CN X on the same side as loss
* if abnormality is suspected, test CN IX specifically for taste on each side of the posterior 1/3 of tongue

34
Q

what is the function of the spinal accessory nerve?

A
  • controls movement of the SCM muscle and trapezius muscle of neck and shoulder
35
Q

Describe the course of the spinal accessory nerve

A
  • fibres originate from lateral cervical spinal cord (C1-C5)
  • the fibres** enter the skull through the foramen magnum **before curving around to exit **via the jugular foramen **
  • only cranial nerve to enter and exit the skull
  • the nerve then desends along internal carotid artery to** innervate the SCM muscle**
  • nerve** crosses the cervical region** to supply trapezius muscle via multiple branches
36
Q

What is the **function of the hypoglossal nerve **(CN XII)?

A
  • innervates all of the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue EXCEPT PALATOGLOSSUS - VAGUS INNERVATES THIS
  • controls tongue movements associated with speech, swallowing etc
37
Q

Describe the** course of the hypoglossal nerve**

A
  • nerve arises from the medulla oblongata
  • nerve exits cranium via the hypoglossal canal - beside the foramen magnum
  • C1, C2, C3 spinal nerves from cervical plexus hitch hike with CN XII to reach hyoid muscles
  • hypoglossal nerve curves anteriorly to enter toongue
38
Q

what does a lesion of the hypoglossal nerve result in?

A

ipsilateral (same side of body) atrophy (muscle wasting) of tongue muscles - especially genioglossus muscles

ANATOMY - head, neck & spine (21 decks)

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