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ANAT241 > L26 - Mediastinum I > Flashcards

L26 - Mediastinum I Flashcards

1
Q

where is the inferior anterior mediastinum?

A

anterior to the pericardium

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2
Q

what is the inferior anterior pericardium filled with and why?

A

fat/adipose tissue for protection

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3
Q

in children the inferior thymus is a lot larger, to where does it extend when you are younger?

A

4th costal cartilages

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4
Q

what are the 4 types of sternopericardial ligaments?

A
  • xiphoid
  • diaphragm
  • sternum
  • vertebra
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5
Q

what 2 types of sternopericardial ligament are found in the inferior anterior mediastinum?

A

sternum and xiphoid

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6
Q

what aspect of the inferior anterior mediastinum does the sternopericardial ligament cross and where are it’s attachments?

A

superior, pericardium to sternum

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7
Q

what aspect of the inferior anterior mediastinum does the xipho-pericardial ligament cross and where are it’s attachments?

A

inferior, pericardium to xiphoid process

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8
Q

what is the function of the sternopericardial and xipho-pericardial ligaments?

A

restrict unwanted movement, helps retain heart in it’s position in the thoracic cavity

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9
Q

what is the function of lymphatics?

A

to recycle fluid and maintain volume in the vascular system

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10
Q

what does the lymphatic vessels form?

A

anterior wall - medial breast

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11
Q

where does lymph drain into (3 steps) and at which location does toxin filtering occur?

A

lymph drains into parasternal lymph nodes (where filtering occurs) –> bronchomediastinal trunks –> subclavian veins to maintain volume of vasculature

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12
Q

where is the heart?

A

inferior-middle mediastinum

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13
Q

location of the apex

A

mid-clavicular line, 5th intercostal space

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14
Q

where is the right coronary sulcus?

A

between right atrium and right ventricle

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15
Q

where is the left coronary sulcus?

A

between left atrium and left ventricle

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16
Q

where is the posterior interventricular sulcus?

A

between the left and right ventricles on the posterior surface of the heart

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17
Q

where is the anterior interventricular sulcus?

A

between the left and right ventricles on the anterior surface of the heart

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18
Q

what enters and exits the right side of the heart?

A

in - superior and inferior vena cavae
out - pulmonary trunk

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19
Q

what enters and exits the left side of the heart?

A

in - 4x pulmonary veins
out - ascending aorta

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20
Q

what hole connects the right and left atria in fetal hearts?

A

foramen ovale

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21
Q

what artery connects pulmonary artery to aorta in fetal hearts?

A

ductus arteriosus

22
Q

what closes after the first breath after birth in fetal hearts?

A

foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus

23
Q

when foramen ovale closes, what is it covered by, what is it called and what does it act as?

A

covered by connective tissue, fossa ovalis, interatrial septum

24
Q

what does the ductus arteriosus become and what is it made of?

A

becomes ligamentum arteriosum, made of connective tissue

25
Q

what can happen to the ligamentum arteriosum if in an accident?

A

can tear and if it’s bad enough it can tear part of the aorta which can be fatal

26
Q

what primary cardiac vessel is on the right side of the heart, where is it located and what is the associated sulcus?

A

coronary, found on posterior interventricular line, posterior interventricular sulcus

27
Q

what primary cardiac vessel is on the left side of the heart, what does it split into, what sulcus is associated?

A

left coronary, found on anterior heart, splits into circumflex and anterior interventricular, anterior interventricular sulcus

28
Q

what primary cardiac vessel do all other smaller branches drain into and where does it drain int next?

A

coronary sinus (vein), into right atrium

29
Q

what moves blood from atria to ventricles?

A

pectinate muscles

30
Q

what is the role of the atria? which atria collects from where

A

collects blood
right - superior and inferior vena cavae
left - pulmonary veins

31
Q

what is the role of the ventricles? which ventricle pushes blood to where?

A

pumps blood out of the heart
right - to lungs –> pulmonary trunk –> arteries
left - to rest of body –> ascending aorta

32
Q

which ventricle has a thicker muscle wall and why?

A

left has a thicker wall as it pumps blood to the whole rest of the body not just the lungs

33
Q

why does the pectinate muscle have trabeculae carnae?

A

these struts of muscle increase force while decreasing muscle mass

34
Q

what role do the papillary muscles have and what do they work with?

A

they attach from the ventricle wall to valves to keep the valves closed and prevent backflow, connect to the chordae tendineae which connect to the valve

35
Q

which valves are the right and left semilunar valves?

A

right - pulmonary valve
left - aortic valve

36
Q

what are the 4 layers of the heart wall

A

endocardium
myocardium
epicardium
pericardium

37
Q

what surface is the endocardium, what does it line and what epithelia is it (2)?

A

inner myocardial surface
lines chambers and valves
simple squamous and areolar tissue (on outisde)

38
Q

how is the myocardium arranged?

A

in spiral bundles to link all parts of the heart together?

39
Q

in what layer of the heart can you find intercalated discs and what roles do they have?

A

myocardium
- joins muscle fibres
- contains gap junctions
- allows rapid spread of excitation

40
Q

what surface is the epicardium, what epithelia (2) and where are they?

A

outer surface = visceral layer of serous pericardium
areolar tissue - closest to myocardium
mesothelium - closest to pericardial cavity and secretes serous fluid

41
Q

what layer is the pericardium?

A

sac of CT covering the heart

42
Q

what is in the pericardial cavity and what function does it serve?

A

serous fluid to prevent friction

43
Q

what are the inner and outer layers of the parietal serous pericardium made from?

A

inner = mesothelium
outer = areolar tissue

44
Q

what are the inner and outer layers of the parietal serous pericardium made from?

A

inner = mesothelium
outer = areolar tissue

45
Q

what is the parietal fibrous pericardium made from

A

dense fibrous connective tissue

46
Q

important function of parietal fibrous pericardium

A

limits distension and prevents overfilling of the heart

47
Q

pericardiac blood supply
heart and visceral pericardium

A

coronary arteries and veins

48
Q

pericardiac blood supply
parietal and fibrous pericardium

A

internal thoracic arteries and veins

49
Q

pericardiac nerve supply
heart and visceral pericardium

A

cardiac plexus, vagus nerve, sympathetic trunk

50
Q

pericardiac nerve supply
parietal and fibrous pericardium

A

phrenic nerve

ANAT241 (18 decks)

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