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ANAT241 > L12 > Flashcards

L12 Flashcards

1
Q

what 3 increases in functional demand cause hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

A

increases in work and metabolic demand, excess endocrine stimulation and persistent tissue injury

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2
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

increased cell size

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3
Q

what is hyperplasia?

A

increased cell number

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4
Q

what are the precursors of muscle cells

A

myoblasts

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5
Q

what happens to myoblasts during development?

A

proliferation

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6
Q

what fuses to form muscle cells?

A

proliferated myoblasts

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7
Q

what can influence degree of proliferation?

A

genes

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8
Q

what slows myoblast proliferation?

A

myostatin

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9
Q

a mutated myostatin gene leads to?

A

more skeletal muscle fibres being produced during development

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10
Q

why would a ventricle have a hypertrophic wall because of a narrowing of it’s aortic valve?

A

increased workload

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11
Q

what kind of nuclei would you find in hypertrophic myocardium?

A

large, often polyploid nuclei

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12
Q

what effect does the thickened ventricular wall of hypertrophic myocardium have?

A

reduces outflow and impairs relaxation phase

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13
Q

what leads to hypertrophy of smooth muscle?

A

obstructions of bladder

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14
Q

what is an example of an obstructed bladder causing hypertrophy of smooth muscle?

A

prostate cancer

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15
Q

hyperplasia and hypertrophy can occur together in response to? example?

A

increased functional requirements e.g. pregnant myometrium

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16
Q

what is cell atrophy?

A

reduced cell size

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17
Q

what is involution of tissue?

A

reduced cell number

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18
Q

what is the severe type of muscle atrophy called?

A

neurogenic atrophy

19
Q

when does neurogenic atrophy occur?

A

when there is injury or disease to a nerve

20
Q

does neurogenic or disuse atrophy occur more suddenly?

A

neurogenic

21
Q

what causes muscle fibres to decrease in size?

A

the cease of nervous stimulation of the muscle

22
Q

what can reduced endocrine stimuli cause?

A

muscle atrophy

23
Q

what 3 anabolic hormones cause the muscle atrophy?

A

testosterone, growth hormone, IGF-1

24
Q

what naturally occurring process can also cause muscle atrophy?

A

ageing

25
Q

what 2 mechanisms underlie atrophy and involution?

A

autophagy in cell atrophy and apoptosis

26
Q

what is autophagy in cell atrophy?

A

the degradation and recycling of cellular components

27
Q

what are the types of autophagy?

A

macroautophagy, microautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy

28
Q

during macroautophagy, when are the phosphoryl groups detached?

A

when at optimal pH of less than 7

29
Q

during macroautophagy, what protects the cell incase the lysosomal enzymes escape?

A

a lower lysosomal pH

30
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death

31
Q

what is apoptosis an important mechanism for?

A

in developing and adult tissues for eliminating cells that are no longer needed

32
Q

what is activation of apoptosis initiated by?

A

extracellular or intercellular death signals

33
Q

what is apoptosis mediated by?

A

caspases

34
Q

what do caspases exist in all cells as?

A

inactive procaspases

35
Q

what activates inactive procaspases?

A

cleavage by other caspases

36
Q

what are the 4 phases of apoptosis?

A

induction/signalling, effector/executioner, degradation, phagocytic phases

37
Q

what happens in the induction/signalling phase and how does the cell appear?

A

cell receives an internal or external signal initiating apoptosis and cell looks normal

38
Q

what happens in the effector/executioner phase?

A

protease enzymes cause severe structural changes

39
Q

what are the 3 main structural changes that protease causes in effector/executioner phase of apoptosis?

A

cell shrinkage, loss of surface specialisations, condensed chromatin

40
Q

what happens in the degradation phase of apoptosis?

A

cell splits into apoptotic bodies, nucleus also fragments

41
Q

in degradation phase of apoptosis, what does each fragment of the cell contain?

A

viable mitochondria and intact organelles

42
Q

what is an apoptotic body?

A

when a cell has received a death signal and splits into smaller fragments

43
Q

what happens during the phagocytic phase of apoptosis?

A

apoptotic bodies are recognised and phagocytosed by adjacent cells where they are destroyed

44
Q

what else can happen to some fragments during phagocytic phase of apoptosis?

A

some fragments degenerate extracellularly, some fragments are ingested by phagocytic cells

ANAT241 (18 decks)

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