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ANAT241 > L13 > Flashcards

L13 Flashcards

1
Q

describe a multipolar neuron

A

multiple dendrites project from cell body

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2
Q

describe a bipolar neuron

A

single dendrite opposite from axon

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3
Q

describe a pseudo-unipolar neurone

A

axon and dendrite rise from a common stem of the cell body

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4
Q

what does it mean if a neuron has a large nucleus

A

large metabolic demand

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5
Q

what does many mitochondria in a neuron mean?

A

high metabolic demand

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6
Q

where can ER be found and in what kind of neurons?

A

found in dendrites of large neurons

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7
Q

what makes up the cytoskeleton of a neuron?

A

neurofilaments and microtubules

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8
Q

where are synapses found? 2

A

dendrites and cell body

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9
Q

what is the CNS split into?

A

white matter and grey matter

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10
Q

what is grey matter?

A

neuron cell bodies, dendrites and axons

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11
Q

what is white matter?

A

axons, many myelinated

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12
Q

what do glial cells do?

A

support the CNS

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13
Q

what is an oligodendrocyte equivalent to?

A

Schwann cell

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14
Q

what does an oligodendrocyte do in the CNS?

A

myelinates axons

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15
Q

what do astrocytes do?

A

provide mechanical support

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16
Q

What are astrocytes also a part of?

A

blood brain barrier

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17
Q

what are microglia?

A

specialised immunological cells of the CNS

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18
Q

what are ependymal cells?

A

ciliated cuboidal epithelial cells

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19
Q

where do you find ependymal cells?

A

lining the cavities of the brain and spinal cord

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20
Q

what 4 things do peripheral nerves consist of?

A

fascicle, endoneurium, perineurium and epineurium

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21
Q

what is a fascicle?

A

a bundle of nerve fibres

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22
Q

what is endoneurium?

A

a collagenous support tissue that surrounds axons inside the fascicles

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23
Q

what is perineurium?

A

a dense collagenous tissue surrounding indvidual fascicles

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24
Q

what is epineurium?

A

loose collagenous tissue surrounding bunch of fascicles/the nerve

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25
Q

what are PNS axons enveloped by?

A

Schwann cells

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26
Q

what do Schwann cells provide PNS axons?

A

structural and metabolic support

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27
Q

are axons with small diameter fibres myelinated?

A

no

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28
Q

are axons with large diameter fibres myelinated?

A

yes

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29
Q

when an axon is becoming myelinated, what is it first invaginated into?

A

the Schwann cell cytoplasm

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30
Q

what does the outer membrane of the Schwann cell fuse to form?

A

a mesaxon

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31
Q

what does the mesaxon do?

A

rotates around the axon, wrapping it in concentric layers of membrane

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32
Q

what does the wrapping of the membrane around the mesaxon form?

A

the myelin sheath

33
Q

what are the gaps in between Schwann cells on an axon called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

34
Q

are these gaps also found in CNS in oligodendrocyte myelination?

A

yes

35
Q

what exists across the plasma membrane of all cells?

A

an electrical potential

36
Q

what kind of excess charge does the fluid inside the cell have?

A

negative

37
Q

what kind of excess charge does the fluid outside the cell have?

A

positive

38
Q

are myelinated or non-myelinated nerves slower to conduct AP’s?

A

non-myelinated

39
Q

how do the Nodes of Ranvier increase conduction velocity?

A

the AP can jump quickly between the nodes

40
Q

what are multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome and myasthenia gravis?

A

autoimmune diseases

41
Q

what does the immune system attack if you have MS?

A

the myelin of CNS

42
Q

what is the result of the attack on myelin of CNS if you have MS?

A

slows down or blocks messages between brain and body

43
Q

what are 5 symptoms of MS?

A

visual disturbances, muscle weakness, trouble with coordination and balance, numbness (and pins and needles), thinking and memory problems

44
Q

what does the immune system attack if you have GB syndrome?

A

myelin of PNS

45
Q

what are 2 direct symptoms of GB syndrome?

A

tingling in hands and feet, progressing weakness of limbs and respiratory muscles

46
Q

effects on autonomic nervous system can lead to what 2 symptoms if you have GB syndrome?

A

altered heart rate and blood pressure

47
Q

what is a synapse?

A

a specialised intercellular junction which links neurones to each other and to muscles

48
Q

where does the propagating axon terminate?

A

the terminal bouton

49
Q

what does the AP from the propagating axon elicit release of?

A

neurotransmitter

50
Q

where is neurotransmitter released from?

A

synaptic vesicles

51
Q

where is neurotransmitter released into?

A

synaptic cleft

52
Q

neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and stimulates what?

A

the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane

53
Q

when neurotransmitter stimulates the postsynaptic cell, how does it respond?

A

usually an AP in the effector cell

54
Q

what are the 5 neurotransmitters?

A

noradrenaline, glutamate, dopamine, acetyl-choline, serotonin

55
Q

what are neurotransmitters synthesised by?

A

biochemical pathways

56
Q

the loss of what enzyme leads to deficiency in several neurotransmitters?

A

GTP cyclohydrase 1

57
Q

what 5 symptoms does GTPCH deficiency cause?

A

intellectual disability, convulsions, irritability, hypersalivation, difficulty breathing

58
Q

how long does GTPCH deficiency take to onset?

A

4-5 months

59
Q

what can you treat GTPCH deficiency with?

A

neurotransmitter precursors

60
Q

what is a neuromuscular junction?

A

the synapse between motor neurons and muscle fibre

61
Q

what is the neuromuscular junction also known as?

A

motor end plate

62
Q

how many muscle fibres can one motor neuron innervate?

A

thousands

63
Q

what is a motor unit?

A

a motor neuron and connected skeletal muscle fibres

64
Q

in terms of athletic performance, what does more muscle fibres mean?

A

better at power movements

65
Q

in terms of athletic performance, what does less muscle fibres mean?

A

better at endurance

66
Q

what is the first step of neuromuscular activity?

A

acetylcholine is released from synaptic vesicles

67
Q

in the second step of neuromuscular activity, what does the acetylcholine bind to and to cause what?

A

binds to nicotinic ion channels that cause sarcolemma membrane depolarisation

68
Q

what are secondary synaptic clefts?

A

when the synaptic cleft folds to accept the neurotransmitter, between the folds are secondary synaptic clefts

69
Q

what occurs in the third part of neuromuscular activity?

A

NMJ occupies a recess on the muscle surface

70
Q

what is a sole plate?

A

a recess on the muscle surface

71
Q

what are the stops of an AP’s activity?

A

acetylcholine is released in response to AP in motor neuron, binds to nicotinic receptors, then travels along the sarcolemma, into the t-tubule and into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

72
Q

what does your body produce if you have myasthenia gravis?

A

antibodies to nicotinic receptors

73
Q

what is blocked if you have myasthenia gravis and what does this inhibit?

A

binding of acetylcholine meaning muscle activation is inhibited

74
Q

what are the most commonly affected muscles of myasthenia gravis?

A

eyes and face (those associated with swallowing)

75
Q

what can alleviate symptoms of myasthenia gravis?

A

acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and immune suppressors

76
Q

what is botox called?

A

botulinum toxin A

77
Q

what does botox regulate?

A

ACh release from nerve terminals

78
Q

what does botox selectively inhibit?

A

underlying muscles ability to contract

ANAT241 (18 decks)

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