L1 Flashcards

Lecture one

1
Q

intercellular communication =

A

cell signalling which is a multistep process

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2
Q

step 1 of cell signalling

A

synthesis of signal molecule

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3
Q

step 2 of cell signalling

A

release of signal molecule

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4
Q

step 3 of cell signalling

A

transport of signal molecule to target - signal will be degraded on the way

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5
Q

step 4 of cell signalling

A

detection of signal (reception) by target cell by a receptor

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6
Q

step 5 of cell signalling

A

response by target cell - the action the signal said it’d do

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7
Q

step 6 of cell signalling

A

some form of feedback - signal has been received

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8
Q

Possible chemical nature of signal

A
  • steroid (e.g. testosterone)
  • amino acid
  • amine
  • gas
  • peptide
  • protein
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9
Q

water soluble or lipid soluble?
can be stored in lipid vesicles within the signalling cell

A

water soluble

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10
Q

water soluble or lipid soluble?
rapid release via exocytosis

A

water soluble

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11
Q

water soluble or lipid soluble? why?
travels in blood without a carrier

A

water soluble
because blood is watery so don’t need to bind to a carrier molecule to travel in blood

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12
Q

water soluble or lipid soluble? why?
cannot enter target cell

A

water soluble
can’t cross cell membrane because of the phospholipid bilayer

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13
Q

water soluble or lipid soluble? why?
message transduced via cell surface receptor

A

water soluble
because ligand cannot enter cell itself

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14
Q

water soluble or lipid soluble?
cannot be stored in lipid vesicles within the signalling cell

A

lipid soluble

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15
Q

water soluble or lipid soluble? why?
slow response

A

lipid soluble
because it must be made on demand

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16
Q

water soluble or lipid soluble? why?
travels in blood with a carrier protein

A

lipid soluble
because blood is watery - may be longer lasting

17
Q

water soluble or lipid soluble? why?
can enter cells by crossing membrane

A

lipid soluble
can cross phospholipid bilayer

18
Q

water soluble or lipid soluble? why?
acts on intracellular receptors

A

lipid soluble
directly regulates gene expression as it can enter the cell

19
Q

juxtacrine 1.0
specificity achieved by

A

direct contact i.e. doesn’t have to leave a cell, travel and enter another cell

20
Q

juxtacrine 2.0
specificity achieved by

A

receptor expression and direct contact

21
Q

autocrine
specificity achieved by

A

selective receptor expression and rapid degradation of signal molecule

22
Q

paracrine
specificity achieved by

A

selective receptor expression and rapid degradation of signal molecule, only cells that have the right receptor will receive the signal

23
Q

endocrine
specificity achieved by

A

selective receptor expression, only cells with the right receptor will receive the signal

24
Q

neuronal
specificity achieved by

A

precise contacts and rapid removal of neurotransmitter to prevent diffusion, ignores other neurons beelines for the right ones

25
neuroendocrine specificity achieved by
important in regulation of the endocrine system
26
why is this ligand sent? grow
if cell divided and cells are half the size of the original need to grow
27
why is this ligand sent? divide
to make more of a cell
28
why is this ligand sent? die
if cells are cancerous or diseased, cells will send messages to die
29
why is this ligand sent? change
change form or differentiate
30
why is this ligand sent? become active
contract, move, fire an AP, release a signal of its own, make more of something e.g. a hormone, break down more of something
31
How do the signals' effects occur
- receptor activation by a signal may change the amount or the activity of specific proteins which then mediate an effect - proteins provide the structure of the cell (structure reflects function) - enzymes do the activity
32
if you want a cell to do something you want to target what the proteins do as cells can't do the right thing without the right structure/can do what you want if you give it the right structure what alters can be made to change the activity of a gene? (2)
- alter gene expression of specific proteins (turning specific genes on or off) - alter the activity of specific proteins cell signalling often does both