Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BAB > L20: Schizophrenia And Antipsychotic Drugs > Flashcards

L20: Schizophrenia And Antipsychotic Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What does schizophrenia mean

A

Divided mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the clinical features of patients with schizophrenia

A
  • Diagnosis in adolescence/ early adulthood
  • You can see repeated episodes and then a recovery before another break happens
    Or
    Chronic with a progressive decline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can the symptoms of schizophrenia be divided into

A

Positive (type 1) and negative (type2) symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are positive symptoms

A

Presence of abnormal thought and behaviour on top of normal behaviour hence it is positive (extra)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the positive symptoms according to DSM 5

A
  • delusions
  • auditory hallucinations
  • disorganised speech
  • grossly disorganised or catatonic behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are negative symptoms

A

The absence of behaviour or responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the negative symptoms according to the DSM 5

A
  • Reduced expression of emotion

- social withdrawal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which symptom makes it harder to notice and diagnose schizophrenia

A

Negative symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens to the risk of schizophrenia when there is a first degree relative with schizophrenia

A

Increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What other factors increases the risk of schizophrenia

A

The environment:

  • slow viral infection
  • autoimmune process
  • poor maternal nutrition
  • developmental abnormality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the hypothesis called that suggests an explanation to schizophrenia

A

Dopamine hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the dopamine hypothesis state

A

That the dopaminergic hyperactivity underlies schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What evidence has led to the dopamine hypothesis

A

Evidence from drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 drugs that have led to the dopamine hypothesis

A
  • amphetamine
  • D2 receptor agonist
  • L-dopa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does amphetamine work

A

Releases dopamine in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When there is too much amphetamine what does this lead to

A

Toxic psyhosis:
Paranoid delusions
Visual or auditory hallucinations
Compulsive behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the toxic psychosis symptoms called

A

Type 1 like symptoms in non schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can happen to the positive symptoms if someone with schizophrenia takes amphetamine

A

Exacerbate positive symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What type of symptoms do D2 receptor agonist increase

A

Type 1 like symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Overall what does the dopamine hypothesis suggest

A

Increase in dopamine transmission can exacerbate type 1 symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What was the first drug discovered as an anti-psychotic drug

A

Chlorpromazine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What symptoms does chlorpromazine reduce

A

Positive symptoms

23
Q

What is another effect of chlorpromazine

A

Sedation i.e decreased irritability

24
Q

What group of drug is chlorpromazine part of

A

Typical neuroleptics

25
Q

What is neuroleptics the same as

A

Anti-schizophrenic
Anti-psychotic
Major tranquilliser

(All mean the same as neuroleptic)

26
Q

What are the main 3 classes of typical neuroleptics

A

Phenothiazine
Butyrophenones
Thiozanthines

27
Q

Name an example of a phenothiazine

A

Chlorpromazine

28
Q

Name an example of butyrophenones

A

Haloperidol

29
Q

Name an example of thioxanthines

A

Flupenthixol

30
Q

What are typical neuroleptics known as

A

Dirty drugs

31
Q

What is the mechanism of action of typical neuroleptics

A

Receptor antagonists of:

  • d1 and d2 for dopamine
  • ach mucarinic receptors
  • histamine receptors
  • noradrenaline alpha receptors
  • 5HT receptors
32
Q

Which symptoms are typical neuroleptics are good at treating

A

Positive symptoms

33
Q

What are atypical neuroleptics

A

Receptor antagonist that are more selective i.e not dirty drugs
Show fewer motor side effects

34
Q

What are atypical neuroleptics good at treating

A

Negative symptoms

Treatment resistant schizophrenia i.e when treatment doesn’t work

35
Q

Which atypical neuroleptic drugs are good at targeting D2 receptors

A

Sulpiride

Amisulpride

36
Q

What are the classes of atypical neuroleptics

A

Selective d2 receptor antagonist
Multi acting receptor targeted agents
Serotonin dopamine antagonist
Novel type

37
Q

Name example of drugs that are multi acting receptor targeted agents

A

Clozapine

Alanzapine

38
Q

Name examples of drugs that are serotonin-dopamine antagonists

A

Reperidone
Zotepine
Sertindole

39
Q

Name example of drugs that are novel type

A

Quetiadipine

40
Q

Which pathway in the brain results in positive symptoms

A

Mesolimbic pathway due to hyper function

41
Q

Which pathway in the brain results in negative symptoms

A

Mesocortical pathway due to hypo function

42
Q

What are the 2 main reasons for getting side effects of anti-psychotic drugs

A
  • Blocking dopamine receptors

- Blocking other receptors

43
Q

What are the 3 broad side effects due to targeting dopamine receptors

A

1) anti-emetic
2) increased prolactin release
3) extrapyramidal motor symptoms

44
Q

What do we get an anti-emetic effect

A

Due to D2 receptor block in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and histamine receptor block

45
Q

What does anti-emetic mean

A

Decrease in nausea and vomiting

46
Q

Why do we get an increased prolactin release

A

1) In normal circumstances dopamine inhibits prolactin release from the pituitary gland
2) when we block the dopamine receptors (D2) on the pituitary gland this causes the release of prolactin

47
Q

What does increased prolactin release cause as a side effect

A

Breast swelling
Pain
Lactation

48
Q

What are the 2 types of extra-pyramidal motor symptoms that can occur

A

Acute: dystonias
Chronic: tardive dyskinesia

49
Q

Why do we get extra-pyramidal motor symptoms

A

Due to blockade of nigra-striata pathway involved for normal movement
Striatum that has dopamine receptors become blocked in the basal ganglia

50
Q

What are dystonias

A
  • Involuntary movement of the face, neck and tongue

- Parkinsonian: tremor at rest, muscle rigidity, decreased mobility

51
Q

What is tardive dyskinesia

A

Involuntary movement of the face, tongue, limbs and trunk

It is slowly developing with long term use

52
Q

What are the 3 main broad side effects caused by blocking other receptors with neuroleptic drugs

A
  • anti muscarinic effect: dry mouth, constipation, visual disturbance
  • postural hypertension due to alpha adrenoceptor block
  • sedation due to histamine receptor block
53
Q

What is the problem with the dopamine hypothesis

A
  • Neuroleptic drugs takes weeks to be effective which suggests the treatment is giving secondary effects to be effective
  • typical drugs are not good for negative symptoms, hypothesis is too simple and there is evidence that under activity of dopaminergic signalling from the mesocortical pathway leads to negative symptoms. Whereas the dopamine hypothesis suggests an over activity of dopaminergic pathway.

BAB (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions