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BAB > L11: EEG > Flashcards

L11: EEG Flashcards

1
Q

What does an EEG allow us to see

A

Electrical activity of the brain

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2
Q

How does an EEG work

A

White cylinders are placed over head which are connected together

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3
Q

What are the advantages of an EEG

A

Non invasive

Not painful

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4
Q

Which neurones does the EEG pick a signal from

A

Neurones that are close to the scalp

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5
Q

What is the largest neurone in the cortex that generates the greatest activity in the brain

A

Cortical pyramidal neurones

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6
Q

What type of neurones are cortical pyramidal neurones

A

Upper motor neurones

Sensory neurones

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7
Q

What activity does an EEG pick up

A

The collected activity of neurones

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8
Q

What happens to the signal when there is more synchronous activity

A

Bigger signal

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9
Q

When do neurones fire synchronously under normal conditions

A

1) attaching meaning to an image

2) in sleep

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10
Q

What is the brain wave on an EEG tracing for awake called

A

Alpha

Beta

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11
Q

What are the brain waves on an EEG tracing during sleep

A

Theta

Delta

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12
Q

Which brain wave shows synchronous activity

A

Delta waves during sleep

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13
Q

What does synchronous mean

A

Neurones that are active at the same time

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14
Q

What does asynchronous activity mean

A

Neurones that are not at the same time

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15
Q

What is the definition of sleep

A

A reversible state or reduced consciousness

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16
Q

What are the state characteristic of sleep

A

Reduced mobility
Reduced responsiveness to sensory inputs
Reduced cortical excitability

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17
Q

What are the functions of sleep

A

Energy conservation

Predator avoidance

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18
Q

What are the consequences of poor sleep

A

Impairment of cognitive performance e.g Learn and memory
Decrease mood
Altered physical health

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19
Q

When we are awake what rhythms do we record on an EEG

A 
Alpha rhythms 
Beta rhythms (awake but drowsy)
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20
Q

What are the 2 types of sleep

A

REM sleep

Non REM sleep

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21
Q

In REM sleep what rhythm do we record

A

Beta rhythms (desynchronised and similar to awake)

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22
Q

How many stages of non-REM sleep is there

A

4 stages

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23
Q

In stage 1 non REM sleep what rhythm do we record

A

Theta

24
Q

In stage 2 non REM sleep what rhythm do we record

A

Theta
Spindles
K complexes

25
Q

In stage 3 non REM sleep what rhythms do we measure

A

Delta rhythms

26
Q

In stage 4 non-REM sleep what rhythms do we measure

A

Delta

27
Q

In REM sleep is movement possible

A

Yes they can have rapid darting eyes

28
Q

In REM sleep are humans easily aroused by meaningful sleep

A

Yes like speaking their name

29
Q

What can we plot the stages of non REM sleep onto

A

Hypnogram

30
Q

When a person sleep what is likely to happen to the stage of non rem sleep

A

The person will go down the non REM sleep progressively and enter stage 4 early on

31
Q

What will happen to the stages of non REM sleep as the night progresses on

A

Person is less likely to be at non rem sleep and enters rem sleep

32
Q

What happens to the duration of rem sleep as the night progresses on

A

Increases

33
Q

Which brain structure is awake associated with

A

Brain stem of reticular formation

34
Q

When you are awake where does info from thalamusget channeled to

A

Cortex

35
Q

As info passes up into the brainstem which 2 groups of neurotransmitters are released

A

Ach

Aminergic

36
Q

What does ach influence

A

The thalamus

37
Q

What does aminergic neurotransmitter influence

A

Cortex

38
Q

In REM spleen what neurotranmitters are released

A

Ach only

39
Q

Why do we get paralysis of muscles in rem sleep

A

Because the cortex is not able to send information from the motor cortex to activate skeletal muscle

40
Q

In non rem sleep what are the state of neurotransmitters

A

Decrease in ach and aminergic

41
Q

What part of the brain in non rem sleep is acitve

A

VLPO

42
Q

What is VLPO

A

A small nucleus of hypothalamus

43
Q

What are the 3 factors that induce sleep

A

Waking time
Physical activity
Circadian rhythms

44
Q

When we wake up early why do we go to sleep early

A

Due to accumulation of adenosine

45
Q

What does adenosine act on

A

Adenosine receptors

46
Q

What is caffeine

A

An adenosine antagonist

47
Q

What structure in the brain determines the circadian rhythms

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

48
Q

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus part of

A

Hypothalamus

49
Q

What does the supra chiasmatic nuclues receive an input from

A

Retinal cell

50
Q

What is sleep apnoe

A

Disruption to sleep due to breathing

51
Q

What is insomnia

A

A lack of sleep disorder

52
Q

What occurs in major depressive disorder in terms of sleep

A

No stage 3 or 4 non rem sleep but more rem sleep

53
Q

What is REM sleep disorder

A

People in REM sleep do not have loss of muscle tone so they act out their dreams in REM sleep

54
Q

What is the presentation of REM sleep disorder

A

Limb twitching
Talking
Yelling
Jerking

55
Q

What is the underlying pathology of rem sleep disorder

A

Brain stem inhibition to prevent motor signals are disrupted

56
Q

What is narcolepsy

A

Uncontrollable entry to REM sleep i.e person goes from awake to REM sleep in an instance with loss of of muscle tone

57
Q

What are the causes of narcolepsy

A

1) orexin is produced in the hypothalamus that connects to groups of neurones that produce ach and amines to stabiles wakefulness
2) few orexin contain neurones in narcolepsy cause a defective flip flip

BAB (21 decks)

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