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BAB > L16: Higher Cortisol Function- Memory > Flashcards

L16: Higher Cortisol Function- Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of learning

A

Process of acquisition of knowledge or skill

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2
Q

What is the definition of memory

A

The retention of that knowledge i.e what you have acquired

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3
Q

Is learning and memory the same as stereotypical reflex

A

No because a stereotypical reflex does not have learning

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4
Q

What are the 2 ways in which we can classify memory

A
  • nature of memory

- duration

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of memory based on the nature of the memory

A

Declarative

Non declarative

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6
Q

What is declarative memory

A

Information that is explicit

Consciously aware

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7
Q

Does declarative memory fade or not

A

Yes it fades with the so you either ‘use it or lose it’

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8
Q

What are the types of declarative memory

A

Semantic

Episodic

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9
Q

What are semantic memory

A

Facts

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10
Q

What are episodic memory

A

remembering a particular Event e.g remembering the meal you had on your birthday but not yesterday

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11
Q

What is non declarative memory

A

Skills, habits, behaviour

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12
Q

Does non declarative memory fade with time or not

A

No it is less likely to fade

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13
Q

What are the types of non declarative memory

A

Procedural
Conditioned response
Emotional response

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14
Q

What is procedural memory

A

Skills and habits i.e motor tasks e.g riding a bike

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15
Q

What is a conditioned response

A

Associative reflexes e.g the pavlovas dogs

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16
Q

How do we classify memory in terms of duration

A

1) input
2) sensory memory
3) short term memory
4) long term memory

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17
Q

What is sensory memory like

A

Lasts a few seconds

Sensory information e.g vision

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18
Q

What is short term memory

A

Lasts about 30 seconds
Limited capacity 7+/- items
Lost

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19
Q

What is long term memory

A

Retained longer than 30 second

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20
Q

How do we go form short term memory to long term memory

A

Via consolidation related to sleep

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21
Q

If sleep is disrupted what can happen to consolidation

A

Become disputed

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22
Q

What is working memory

A

Processing memory and combining it with info in the long term memory

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23
Q

What are the associated factors of forgetting

A

Increased age

Amnesia

24
Q

In increased age what structure is lost

A

Synapses and NOT neurones

25
Q

What are the causes of amnesia

A 
Traumatic 
Infection 
Resection- surgery 
Stroke 
Neurodegeneration
26
Q

What are the 2 types of Amnesia

A

Anterograde

Retrograde

27
Q

What is retrograde amnesia

A

When the individual cannot remember there past before the trauma

28
Q

Which type of memory is lost in retrograde amnesia

A

Declarative

29
Q

What is anterograde amnesia

A

When you cannot remember the things after the trauma and form new memories

30
Q

What does current evidence suggest of which parts of the brain are important for different types of memory

A

A network of connected multiple regions are involved in memory
Different networks have different roles in different memory

31
Q

Which structure in the brain is important for declarative memory

A

Medial temporal lobe

32
Q

In general then what type of memory does medial temporal lobe affect

A

Episodic then semantic

33
Q

How does info flow from sensory information to long term memory

A

1) sensory info passes into short term memory by going through structures in the medial temporal lobe
2) hippocampus and rhinal cortices are associated
3) info passed to neocortex to become long term memory

34
Q

How does Info flow from the hippocampus to the neocortex

A

1) hippocampus
2) hypothalamus
3) thalamus
4) neocortex

35
Q

What does damage from the hippocompus to neocortex pathway result in

A

Disruption to newly acquired info

36
Q

What is karsakoffs syndrome

A

When the mammillary body in the thalamus is affected.

37
Q

What memory does karsakoffs syndrome affect

A

The episodic memory

38
Q

Which structures in the brain are involved in procedural memory

A

Cerebellum- for smooth muscle coordination

Supplementary motor area (output of basal ganglia) and basal ganglia

39
Q

What structure in the brain is emotional memory associated with

A

Amygdala (in the temporal lobes)

40
Q

What does bilateral temporal lobectomy results suggest

A

Patient had severe anterograde amnesia for declarative memory
But child hood memory was intact so temporal lobes are not important for long term storage

41
Q

Which structure does the working memory involve

A

Pre frontal cortex

42
Q

What happens to neurones in memory storage

A

Their state changes - neuroplasticity

43
Q

What does neuroplasticity involve

A

Change in neurotransmission

Change in synaptic structures including the number of synapses

44
Q

What are the ways in which we can change neurotransmission

A
  • Long term potentiation

- long term depression

45
Q

What does long term potentiation cause

A

Increase in synaptic activity

46
Q

What does long term depression cause

A

Decrease in synaptic activity

47
Q

When is long term potentiation involved

A

For declarative memory i.e turning a short term memory into a long term memory

48
Q

Describe the process that occurs between a pre-synapse and a post-synapse during normal stimulation without LTP

A

1) pre-synaptic terminal releases glutamate which binds to NMDA and AMPA receptors on the post synaptic terminal
2) if glutamate binds to NMDA and AMPA receptors it will cause movement of ions and depolarisation
3) glutamate bound to NMDA does not have anything happening due to another molecule bound and blocking the entry of ions

49
Q

Describe the process that occurs between a pre and post synaptic terminal with intense stimulation

A

1) glutamate that is released from the pre-synaptic terminal binds to AMPA and NMDA
2) NMDA Receptors are now activated as they become unblocked

50
Q

What is LTP reliant on to cause NMDA receptor activity

A

Intense stimulation

51
Q

What goins on to enable LTP

A

1) NMDA receptors allow calcium influx
2) AMPA receptors do not
3) this involves the activation of CAMK11 (kinase enzyme)
4) enzyme can de phosphorylate proteins which cause enhanced AMPA function to become more sensitive to glutamate
5) in the longer term with persistence effect we can have gene expression resulting in more AMPA receptors

52
Q

How can we get a change in synaptic structure

A

1) The axon of a neurone can sprout
2) growth cone with cause another synapse to the post synaptic neurone
3) this gives a greater influence

53
Q

As the brain ages what happens to the synapse

A

Rigid synapses do not decreases

Plastic synapses decrease

54
Q

What drugs can we use to enhance memory

A

Nootropics

55
Q

What drugs can we use to suppress memory

A

NMDA antagonist e.g ketamine

56
Q

Who would use NMDA antagonist

A

War field survivors

57
Q

How can we treat memory non-pharmacologically

A

Cognitive behaviour therapy- by reactivating synapses

BAB (21 decks)

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