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BAB > L06: Taste And Smell > Flashcards

L06: Taste And Smell Flashcards

1
Q

What are the receptors that detect chemical called

A

Chemoreceptors

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2
Q

What chemical does chemoreceptors detect

A

Chemical outside the body

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3
Q

Why is it important that we can detect chemical

A

To avoid toxins and poisons

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4
Q

What does anosmia mean

A

Total loss of smell

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5
Q

What does aqeusia mean

A

Total loss of taste

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6
Q

What happens to the sensation of smell and taste as we age

A

Decreases

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7
Q

In chemotherapy why is there a loss of taste and smell

A

The cells that can detect smell and taste die off

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8
Q

What side effects do people with chemotherapy have

A

A metallic tast

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9
Q

Why is the olfactory bulb more prone to damage and results in loss of smell

A

The olfactory bulb sits outside the skull

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10
Q

What are the 5 sub modalities of taste

A 
Salt 
Sour 
Sweet 
Bitter 
Umami (meatiness)
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11
Q

To detect taste what cells must have chemoreceptors

A

Tongue
Palate
Pharynx
GIT tract

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12
Q

What is the organisation of sub-modalities of taste in the tongue

A

Relative distribution

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13
Q

What does the relative distribution of taste sub-modalities in the tongue mean

A

There are higher sensitivity to specific sub modalities of taste in the specific regions of the tongue. (Only higher sensitive not the areas that you only taste that type of submodality)

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14
Q

What is the surface of the tongue like

A

Has different types of ridges known as papilla

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15
Q

What is the surface of the papilla covered by

A

Taste buds

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16
Q

What are the 3 aspects of taste buds

A

Taste cells
Basal cells
Sensory afferents

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17
Q

Are taste cells sensory neurones

A

No

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18
Q

If taste cells are not sensory neurones what does this mean in terms of AP

A

They cannot produce AP

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19
Q

If taste cells cannot produce AP how do they produce a signal

A

They are closely associated with sensory afferents (almost ‘synapse’ with them)

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20
Q

Where are new taste cells born from

A

Basal cells

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21
Q

How do taste cells detect chemical/taste

A

Vie receptors on the taste cells that acts as chemoreceptors

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22
Q

How does a taste that picks up taste able to convert it to a message in sensory afferents in general

A

1) chemical binds to receptor on taste cells
2) this leads to transduction (change in membrane potential of taste cells)
3) change in membrane potential results in voltage gate calcium channels to open
4) calcium influx occurs
5) neurotransmitters are released
6) this excited the sensory afferents and AP is produced in the sensory neurones

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23
Q

What differs in this general process that allow to detect sub modalities of taste

A

Transduction process for each sub modality differs

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24
Q

How does transduction occur for salt taste

A

1) taste cells detect saltiness express non-gated sodium channels (channels that are always open)
2) sodium entry causes membrane depolarisation
3) this causes voltage- gated calcium channels to open

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25
Q

What ion are sour food high in

A

Hydrogen ions

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26
Q

How does transduction in sour taste occur

A

1) hydrogen ions inhibit potassium channels on the taste cells
2) inhibition of potassium channels stops potassium from leaving so you get depolarisation of the membrane
3) TRP channel allow hydorgen ions to enter which also cause membrane depolarisation

27
Q

How does transduction for sweet, umami and bitter occur

A

1) sweet, bitter and umami bind to GCPRS on taste cells

2) activation of GCPRs result in membrane depolarisation

28
Q

If sweet, bitter and umami have the same transduction methods how do we distinguish between these different tastes

A

GCPRs are a family of subunits, depending on the subunits depends on what it detects

29
Q

Which subunit family is involved in taste

A

T1R

T2R

30
Q

Which subunits allow the detection of sweet

A

T1R2

T1R3

31
Q

What subunits allow the detection of umami

A

T1R1

T1R3

32
Q

Which subunits allow the detection of bitter

A

T2R

T2R

33
Q

How many submodality taste does one indiviual taste cell detect

A

Only one

34
Q

What is the structure of neurones in the sensory system of for taste

A

1st order neurone/ primary neurone
Second order neurone
Third order neurone - that goes to brain.

35
Q

What are the types of primary neurone for taste in the tongue

A

Cranial nerve 7
Cranial nerve 9
Cranial nerve 10

36
Q

Where does cranial nerve 7 detect the taste

A

Front of tongue

37
Q

Where does cranial nerve 9 detect taste

A

Back of Tongue

38
Q

What does cranial nerve 10 detect the taste from

A

Epiglottis

39
Q

Describe the pathway from the tongue to the brain in the sensory/ascending system

A

1) primary neurone brings info into the medulla via cranial nerves (7,9,10 depending on the location of taste)
2) primary neurone synapses at gustatory nucleus at the medulla
3) second order neurone takes info to the thalamus and terminates at the ventroposterioir medial nucleus (VPM)
4) third order neurone takes into to the primary gustatory cortex

40
Q

Where is the gustatory cortex located

A

Deep figure between parietal and temporal lobe

41
Q

What happens at the gustatory cortex

A

Primary cortical neurones compare all the inputs and determine what is being detected in the tongue

42
Q

Why does the cortex compare the taste

A

Food has a combination of tastes

43
Q

What structure gives a sensation of fullness

A

Hypothalamus

44
Q

As humans do we have greater sensitivity to smell or taste

A

Smell

45
Q

Where are the location of smell receptors

A

In the nose at the olfactory epithelium

46
Q

In the olfactory epithelium where does the chemicals in the air dissolve at

A

Mucus layer

47
Q

What cells at the olfactory epithelium detect smell

A

Cilia of the olfactory cells

48
Q

What structure does cilia of olfactory epithelium pierce through to get into the nose

A

Cribriform plate

49
Q

What are the cilia of olfactory cells continous with

A

Olfactory receptor cell

50
Q

Before piercing the cribiform plate what is the structure known as

A

Olfactory nerve

51
Q

Are cells that detect smell (olfactory cells) neurones ?

A

Yes as they form the olfactory nerve

52
Q

If olfactory cells are neurones what does this mean in terms of AP

A

They can generate AP

53
Q

What does the olfactory nerve go to

A

Olfactory bulb

54
Q

How many types of chemoreceptors does each olfactory cell have

A

One type of chemoreceptors (similar to taste cells)

55
Q

Can olfactory cells detect smell sub-modalities

A

No

56
Q

What does each chemoreceptors bind to

A

A rage of smell

57
Q

How do we work out what we are smelling

A

Via population coding

58
Q

What is population coding

A

1) When chemoreceptors bind to multiple odorants they cannot tell what they are smelling
2) each chemoreceptors detects different amount of the odorants
3) info that is sent to the brain allows the brain to compare to what it is depending on the activity of pattern

59
Q

What is adaptation in olfaction

A

Although a stimulus is present the sensory cells do no pick it up to transmit the info

60
Q

Give an example of adaptation

A

When you come from outside you can smell your home but if you stay at home for ages you would not be able to smell it anymore

61
Q

How many mechanism for all receptors are there for smell

A

Only one (unlike taste)

62
Q

How do olfactory cells transduce a signal

A

1) Odorant binds to GCPRs
2) G protein mediated events
3) intracellular cascade
4) depolarisation
5) receptor potential
5) AP generated if threshold is reached

63
Q

When an AP is generated how is the info sent to the brain

A

1) 1st order neurones that detect the range of stimulus come together and synapse at the glomerulus
2) glomerulus is in the olfactory bulb
3) at the glomerulus 2nd order neurones sends axon through the olfactory tract
4) olfactory tract goes straight to the cortex
5) from the olfactory cortex info passes via thalamus to the orbito frontal cortex (allows recognition of smell)
5) from olfactory cortex info also passes to lambic areas (allows association the smell to something else)

BAB (21 decks)

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