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BAB > L15: Addiction And Drugs Of Abuse > Flashcards

L15: Addiction And Drugs Of Abuse Flashcards

1
Q

What is drug abuse about

A

Social disapproval

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2
Q

What is a better term to use instead of drug abuse

A

Substance dependence

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3
Q

What is drug abuse not the same as

A

Drug misuse

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4
Q

What is drug misuse

A

A prescribed drug in the world indication, wrong dose or for too long

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5
Q

When do symptoms occur for someone who is dependent on a drug

A

When someone stops taking the drug

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6
Q

What are the categories of symptoms for substance dependence

A

Physical

Psychological

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7
Q

Name some examples of physical symptoms

A

Cramps
Tachycardia
Piloerection
Diarrhoea

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8
Q

Name same examples of psychological symptoms

A

Compulsive behaviour

Anxiety

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9
Q

What underlies dependence/ origins of dependence

A

Drug variable
User variable
Environmental variable

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10
Q

What is drug variable

A

The degree of reward mediated by dopamine in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway

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11
Q

What does the release of dopamine make the person feel

A

Reward

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12
Q

What is user variable

A

Each individual has a different variable based on how well a drug is absorbed and metabolised which is controlled by genetics to an extent

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13
Q

What is the environmental variable factors

A

Peer pressure

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of tolerance

A

1) Innate

2) acquired

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15
Q

What is tolerance

A

A reduced reaction of the drug due to repeated doses/uses

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16
Q

What is innate tolerance

A

Genetically controlled

If you are a fast metaboliser you are likely to be tolerant

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17
Q

What is acquired tolerance

A

If you are a regular consumer of the drug you are likely to build up tolerance
Also involves pharmacodynamic (mechanism of action) factors

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18
Q

Name examples of opiates

A

Heroin
Morphine
Pethidine

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19
Q

What pathway allow the rewarded feeling of opiates

A

Mesolimbic dopamine pathway

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20
Q

What receptors does opiates act on

A

Opiate receptors

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21
Q

Where are opiate receptors located

A

On GABA interneurones

22
Q

What happens to the release of GABA when opiates bind to opiate receptors on GABA neurones

A

Release of GABA is inhibited

23
Q

What type of neurotransmitters are GABA

A

Inhibitory

24
Q

What does GABA usually inhibit the release of

A

Dopamine

25
Q

If opiates inhibit the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter of GABA what happens to the release of dopamine

A

Increases

26
Q

Which receptor becomes activated to cause the release of GABA

A

GABAa receptors

27
Q

What is the treatment for opiate overdose

A

Naloxone

28
Q

What is naloxone

A

Opiate receptor antagonist

29
Q

What is the issue with using naloxone

A

It has a short life therefore should be given continuously

30
Q

What is the treatment for opiate dependence

A

Methodone

31
Q

What is methodone

A

An opiate itself

32
Q

How does methodone work

A

1) It becomes absorbed rapidly
2) has a longer half life so transition of physical symptoms is slower
3) dose is gradually reduced

33
Q

How does opiate cause a release of GABA when they bind to opiate receptors on the GABA interneurones

A

1) activation of opiate receptors causes a decrease in adenyly cyclase
2) CAMP decreases
3) decrease in CAMP means less GABA is released

34
Q

What are the 2 ways in which caffeine works

A

1) inhibits phosphodiesterase which breaks CAMP, therefore you increase CAMP and neuronal activity increases

OR

2) caffeine acts as antagonist of adenosine receptors to increase neuronal activity

35
Q

What are the withdrawal symptoms of caffeine

A

Lethargy
Irritability
Weekend headaches

36
Q

What is the mechanism of action of cocaine

A

1) Cocaine inhibits catecholamine (noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine) uptake
2) this gives a rewarding sensation

37
Q

What are the side effects of cocaine

A

Tissue necrosis

38
Q

What is the treatment for Cocaine

A

Tricyclic antidepressants

39
Q

How does amphetamines cause a rewarding effect

A

Increases the release of catecholamine (noradrenaline, dopamine, adrenaline)

40
Q

What is the treatment of overdose of amphetamine

A

Neuroleptic

41
Q

What is a neuroleptic

A

Dopamine receptor antagonist

42
Q

What is a derivative of amphetamine

A

Methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)

43
Q

What is the mechanism of action of MDMA

A

Causes the release of 5HT from neurones

44
Q

What type of drug is cannabis

A

Lipid soluble

45
Q

What receptors does cannabis work on

A

Cannabinoid receptors (SB1 and SB2)

46
Q

What is SB1 associated with

A

Sedative effects

47
Q

What is SB2 associated with

A

Immune system

48
Q

You activate SB1 receptors at low doses what effect do you get

A

Euphoria
Uncontrollable laughter
Sharpened sensory awareness

49
Q

At High doses of cannabis what do you get

A

Dream like state

50
Q

Name 2 examples of sedatives

A

Alcohol

Benzodiazepines

51
Q

What receptors does sedatives act at

A

GABAa receptors

52
Q

What affect does sedatives have

A

Inhibit the neurone

BAB (21 decks)

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