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BAB > L04: Sensory Sytem (somatosensory) > Flashcards

L04: Sensory Sytem (somatosensory) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary sensory i.e first order neurone also known as

A

Primary afferent

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2
Q

Where is the cell body of the first order neurone found

A

In the dorsal root ganglia

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3
Q

Where does the axon of the first order neurone innervate

A

Receptive field

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4
Q

What happens to the first order neurone when it enter the spinal cord

A
  • Splits into 3 : above, below, same spinal level

- Terminates to 2nd order neurone

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5
Q

Where does the second order neurone take the information to

A

Thalamus

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6
Q

At the thalamus what happens to the second order neurone

A

Terminates to give 3rd order neurone

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7
Q

Are sensory neurones excitatory or inhibitory

A

Excitatory

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8
Q

What is the common neurotransmitter that sensory neurones release

A

Glutamate

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9
Q

How do we classify axons in the primary afferents

A

Depending on myelination

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10
Q

What are the axons from the skin

A

A beta
A delta
C

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11
Q

What happens to the axon as you go from a beta to c fibre

A

The axon becomes more unmyelinated

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12
Q

What does a beta axons pick up from the skin

A

Mechanoreceptors

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13
Q

What does a gamma axons pick up from the skin

A

Pain

Temperature

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14
Q

What does c axon pick up from the skin

A

Temperature
Pain
Itch

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15
Q

Where does a each axon innervate within its dermatome

A

Receptive field

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16
Q

What is a dermatome

A

Area of skin innervated by as single spinal root

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17
Q

What is an adequate stimulus

A

The right stimulus which depends on the nerve ending

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18
Q

For a signal to be transducer what has to be reached

A

Threshold

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19
Q

What are the ion channels on the nerve endings called

A

Transduction channels

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20
Q

What happens to the tranduction channels which open upon suffice to energy stimulus

A

Open

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21
Q

What happens when the transduction channels open

A

Positive ions enter to cause depolarisation

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22
Q

What is a a graded receptor potential

A

The size of stimulus that determines the size of action potential e.g large stimulus= large potential

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23
Q

When is a signal only sent

A

When they reach a threshold

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24
Q

What is the firing rate of the action potential dependent on

A

Stimulus strength

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25
Q

What are the 2 types of adapting sensory receptors

A

1) slow or non adapting receptor

2) fast adapting receptors

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26
Q

What happens in a slow or non adapting receptor

A

Firing is continuous when stimulus is present

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27
Q

When is a slow or non adapting stimulus important

A

When maintaining information about a stimulus is valuable e.g amount of stretch or pain

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28
Q

What is the fast adapting receptor

A

When there is a change in stimulus there is a high rate of firing but firing decreases if the stimulus is maintained

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29
Q

When is the fast adapting receptor important

A

When the stimulus is no longer important e.g (tactile touch) getting dressed in the morning and not being able to feel you clothes on you later on

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30
Q

What does a slow adapting receptor detect

A

Strength of stimulus

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31
Q

What does a fast adapting receptor decked

A

How fast the stimulus is changing

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32
Q

What are the 3 types of sensory receptors found in the skin

A

Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Nociceptors

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33
Q

What does mechanoreceptors detect

A

Touch
Pressure
Vibration

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34
Q

What does thermoreceptors detect

A

Hot and cold

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35
Q

What does thermoreceptors not detect

A

The Temperature

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36
Q

Where is temperature processed

A

At the brain

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37
Q

What does nociceptors detect

A

Noxious stimulation

38
Q

What are the 2 main layers of the skin

A

Epidermis

Dermis

39
Q

What is the most superficial layer

A

epidermis

40
Q

What is the most deep layer

A

Dermis

41
Q

What are the fibres of mechanoreceptors

A

A beta fibres

42
Q

What is the structure of mechanoreceptors

A

Has an apparatus that is comprised of specialised cells

43
Q

What are the 4 types of mechanoreceptors

A

Merkels receptors
Meissners corpuscle
Ruffins corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle

44
Q

Which mechanoreceptors are Lund in the superficial layer of the skin

A

Merkels receptors

Meissners corpuscle

45
Q

What are the mechanoreceptors found in the deeper layers of the skin

A

Ruffini’s corpuscle

Pacinian corpuscle

46
Q

What type of receptors are merkels receptor

A

Slow adapting

47
Q

Which cells does the merkel receptor innervate in the skin

A

Keratocyte

48
Q

What does merkel receptors detect

A

Skin indentation e.g allows Braille reading

49
Q

What type of receptors are meissners corpuscle

A

Rapidly adapting sensory receptors

50
Q

What does meissners corpuscle detect

A

Light touch vibration e.g putting clothes on

51
Q

What does Ruffini’s corpuscle respond to

A

Lateral movement
Stretching
Deep touch

52
Q

What type of receptors are pacinian corpuscle

A

Rapidly adapting receptor

53
Q

What is the stimulus of pacinian corpuscle

A

Deep touch e.g poking

High frequency vibration

54
Q

How does the pacinian corpus fire ap

A

When it is squashed it becomes deformed

55
Q

What type of receptors are hair follicle receptors

A

Rapidly adapting receptors

56
Q

What does the hair follicle receptor detect

A

Light touch

57
Q

What are the cutaneous thermoreceptors like in their structure

A

With bare nerve endings

Does not have a specialised apparatus like the mechanoreceptors

58
Q

What type of receptors are cutaneous thermoreceptors

A

Slow adapting receptors

59
Q

What is the 2 stimulus for thermoreceptors

A

Cold

Hot

60
Q

Where is temperature determined

A

In the brain

61
Q

What type of channels does thermoreceptors have

A

Transient receptor potential (a family of receptors)

62
Q

What type of channel is a transient receptors channel

A

Non specific cation channel

63
Q

What does a non-specific cation channel mean

A

They allow any cations in

64
Q

Name an example of a cold transient receptor potential channel

A

TRPM8

65
Q

Name an example of a warm transient receptor potential channel

A

TRPV3/4

66
Q

What type of fibres are cold receptors on

A

C and a delta fibres

67
Q

What type of fibres are warm receptors on

A

C fibres

68
Q

What is paradoxical cold perception

A

When cold receptors become excited by high temperature

69
Q

What does cutaneous nociceptors detect

A

Pain

70
Q

What is the structure of nociceptors

A

Bare nerve endings

71
Q

What is the threshold of nociceptors

A

High

72
Q

What are the 2 types of nociceptors

A

High threshold mechanoreceptors

Polymodal nociceptors

73
Q

What does high threshold mechanoreceptors detect

A

Localised pricking pain

74
Q

What fibres are the high threshold mechanoreceptors found at

A

A delta fibre

75
Q

What is the stimulus for polymodal nociceptors

A 
Mechanical stimulus 
Damaging heat (above 46)
Noxious chemicals
76
Q

What fibres are polymodal nociceptors found at

A

C fibres

77
Q

What does propioception detect

A

Mechanical status

78
Q

What are propioceptors

A

Sensory receptors from skeletal muscle

79
Q

What are the fibres/axons of prioceptors

A

Group 1 (axons from muscle) that are thickly myelinated

80
Q

What are the 2 propiceptors found in the body

A

Muscle spindles

Golgi tendon organ

81
Q

What does muscle spindles detect

A

Length and acceleration

82
Q

What type of fibres does muscle spindles contain

A

Intrafusal fibres

83
Q

What are the group of axons that muscle spindle fibres contain

A

Group 1a

84
Q

How does muscle spindle fibres become activated

A

When the fibres are stretched

85
Q

What does golgi tendon organ detect

A

Muscle tension

86
Q

What type of axons is golgi tendon organ innervated by

A

Group 1b afferents

87
Q

What are the 2 main ascending tracts

A

Dorsal column

Spinothalamic tract

88
Q

What fibres/axons does the dorsal column contain

A

A beta fibre

89
Q

What fibre/axon does the spinothalamic pathway contain

A

A delta and c fibres

90
Q

What type of sensory information does the dorsal column send to the Brian

A

Touch
Vibration
2 point discrimination
Propioception

91
Q

What type of information does the spinothalamic tract send to the brain

A

Pain

Temperature

BAB (21 decks)

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