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BAB > L09: Motor Control- Role Of Motor Cortex And Spinal Reflexes > Flashcards

L09: Motor Control- Role Of Motor Cortex And Spinal Reflexes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of motor descending pathways

A

Lateral

Ventromedial

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2
Q

What is the lateral motor pathways involved in

A

Voluntary control of movement

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3
Q

What is the ventromedial pathway involved in

A

Unconscious movement e.g standing up without thinking about it

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4
Q

What does the sensory consequence of movement feed to from the spinal cord

A

Brainstem

Thalamus

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5
Q

What does the thalamus feed into

A

The cerebral cortex

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6
Q

What does the primary motor cortex fed to

A

Directly to the spinal cord
Or
To the spinal cord via the brainstem

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7
Q

When basal ganglia and cerebellum receive info form the cerebral cortex where do they feed back to

A

Cerebral cortex

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of movements

A

Reflex
Rhythmic motor patterns
Voluntary

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9
Q

What is the reflex for

A

Protection

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10
Q

Where are reflexes generated

A

In the spinal cord

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11
Q

What are rhythmic motor patterns

A

Combination of reflex and voluntary movement

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12
Q

What is voluntary movement

A

Purposeful movement

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13
Q

What are lower motor neurones known as

A

Alpha motor neurones

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14
Q

What do alpha motor neurones do

A

Make muscle contraction

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15
Q

What 3 things control the lower motor nerurones

A

Sensory input
Spinal interneurones
Upper motor neurone

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16
Q

How can movement be generated without the need of higher centres

A

Circuit within the spinal cord that is driven by sensory outputs

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17
Q

What structures are controlled by the lateral motor neurones

A

Distal features such as fingers of hand and feet

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18
Q

What are lateral motoneurone involved in

A

Fine motor

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19
Q

Which structures are innervated by the medial motoneurone

A

Axial structures such as trunk and muscles

Proximal structures such as elbow and knee

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20
Q

What is the medial motorneurones involved in

A

Posture

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21
Q

Therefore what are lateral pathways involved in

A

Voluntary movement of distal muscles flexors

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22
Q

Therefore what are ventromedial pathway involved in

A

Posture by proximal/axial muscles extensors

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23
Q

What are the 2 tracts in the spinal cord involved in the lateral pathways

A

Corticospinal tract

Rubrospinal tract

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24
Q

What are the 4 tracts involved in the ventromedial pathway in the spinal cord

A

Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
Pontine reticulospinal tract
Medullary reticulospinal tract

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25
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract start

A

In the motor cortex

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26
Q

Where floes the rubrospinal tract start

A

Red nucleus of the midbrain

27
Q

Which areas of the motor cortex are axons of the corticospinal tract from

A

Areas 4 and 6 of the cortex

28
Q

Where does the corticopsinal tract decussate

A

Pyramidal decussation

29
Q

What structures does the corticospinal tract innervate

A

Distal muscles such as fingers

30
Q

What motoneurone does corticospinal tract innervate

A

The alpha motor neurones

31
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract decussate

A

Straight after originating form the red nucleus

32
Q

If there are lesions to the lateral pathway i.e corticospinal tract and rubrospinal tract what is affected

A

Voluntary movement

33
Q

Is posture affected if lateral pathways are damaged

A

No because the ventromedial tracts are in damaged

34
Q

If the lesion is selective corticospinal tract can the patient cover

A

Yes because the rubrospinal tract can compensate apart from the fine digit control

35
Q

Where does all tracts of the ventromedial that originate from

A

Brainstem nuclei

36
Q

What structures does ventromedial tracts control

A

Proximal and axial for posture/body position

37
Q

What are the 4 pathways in the ventromedial pathways view as

A

In pair

38
Q

What are the 2 pairs of the ventromedial pathways

A

1) Pontine reticulospinal and medulla reticulospinal tract

2) vestibulospinal and tectopsinal tract

39
Q

Which nuclei does the pontine reticulospinal and medulla reticulo spinal tract originate from

A

Reticular nuclei

40
Q

Where is the reticular nuclei/reticular formation for the pontine reticulospinal tract located

A

In the pons

41
Q

Where is the reticular nuclei/ reticular formation for the medullary reticulospinal tract located

A

Medulla

42
Q

What is the role of the pontine reticulo spinal tract

A

Enhance anti gravity reflexes of the spinal cord by facilitating leg extensors to maintain a standing position

43
Q

What is the role of the medullar reticulospinal tract

A

Opposing effect to pontine reticulospinal tract it allows voluntary control by freeing antigravity muscles from reflex

44
Q

Which nuclei does the vestibulospinal tract originate form

A

Vestibular nucleus in the medulla

45
Q

Which nuclei does the tectospinal tract originate from

A

Superioir colliculus in the midbrain

46
Q

What is the role of the vestibulospinal tract

A

Relays gravitational sensory info from the inner ear and maintain head and neck position as the body moves

47
Q

What is the role of the tectospinal tract

A

Relays sensory info from the retina and visual cortex and orientates head and eyes to a visual stimulus

48
Q

Give an example when the tectospinal tract is acitve

A

When you head a loud noise you turn your head to that side

49
Q

What is the area 4 of the cortex

A

Primary motor cortex (M1)

50
Q

What does area 6 in the cortex consist of

A

Pre motor area

Supplementary motor area

51
Q

What is area 4 (primary motor cortex) involved in

A

Controlling fine motor for distal muscles

52
Q

What is area 6 of pre motor area in cortex involved in

A

Controlling proximal muscles for posture and balance

53
Q

What is area 6 (supplementary motor area) involved in

A

Planning initiation and bimanual coordination and connects across to the other side providing biannual co-ordination

54
Q

What does 50% of the primary motor cortex have

A

Axons of the corticospinal tract

55
Q

What are the features of neurones in the primary motor cortex

A

Pyramidal type

56
Q

What may damage to the upper motor neurones by due to

A

Stoke

Tumour

57
Q

What does damage to the upper motor neurones lead to

A

Muscle weakness
Spacitity due to increased muscle tone and hyperflexia
Damage to contralateral side

58
Q

Does the vestibulospinal tract decussate

A

No

59
Q

Is corticospinal tract ipsilateral or contralateral

A

Contralateral

60
Q

Is the rubrospinal tract ipsilateral or contralateral

A

Contralateral

61
Q

Is the pontine/ medullary reticulo spinal tract ipsilateral or contralateral

A

Ipsilateral

62
Q

Is the vestibulospinal tract ipsilateral or contralateral

A

Ipsilateral

63
Q

Is the tectospinal tract ipsilateral or contralateral

A

Contralateral

BAB (21 decks)

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