L2: COPD (Intro, Pathology, Causes, CP) Flashcards
1
Q
Def of COPD
A
2
Q
Other Def of COPD
A
3
Q
COPD is a preventable disease and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality
A
…
4
Q
Types of COPD
A
5
Q
Types of COPD
- Emphysema
A
6
Q
Types of COPD
- Chronic Bronchitis
A
7
Q
Pathophysiology Of COPD
A
8
Q
RF for COPD
A
9
Q
RF for COPD
- Environmental
A
10
Q
RF for COPD
- Smoking
A
11
Q
Smoking as a RF for COPD
- Significance
A
12
Q
Smoking as a RF for COPD
- Types of Smoking
A
- Other type of tobacco (eg pipe, cigar, waterpipe) and marijuana are also risk factors
- Passive smoking also known as second hand smoke
- Smoking during pregnancy poses risk for the fetus
13
Q
RF for COPD
- Biomass Exposure
A
14
Q
RF for COPD
- Occupational Exposure
A
15
Q
RF for COPD
- Air Pollution
A
- Outdoor air pollution: Dust, sandstorms and biomass fuel exposure
- Indoor air pollution: particularly in women
16
Q
RF for COPD
- Genetic Factors
A
Mutation in SERPINA 1 gene lead to hereditary deficiency of alpha 1-antitrypsin (AATD)
17
Q
RF for COPD
- Asthma & Airway Hypersensitivity
A
…
18
Q
RF for COPD
- Infection
A
19
Q
RF for COPD
- Gender
A
Women are more susceptible to the effects of tobacco smoke than men:
- As women exhibit smaller airway lumens and disproportionately thicker airway walls
20
Q
Pathological Features of COPD
A
- Emphysema
- Chronic Bronchitis
21
Q
Pathological Features of COPD
- Emphysema
A
22
Q
Pathological Features of COPD
- Chronic Bronchitis
A
23
Q
Mechansim of COPD
A
- Mucus Hypersecretion
- Small Airway Obstruction
- Protease/Antiprotease Imbalance
24
Q
Mechansim of COPD
- Mucus Hypersecetion
A
25
Mechansim of **COPD**
- Small Airway Obstruction
Due to neutrophil infiltration because of release of chemotactic factors from macrophages.
26
Mechansim of **COPD**
- Protease-antiprotease Imbalance
27
CP of **COPD**
- Symptoms
- Signs
- Specific to Type
28
CP of **COPD**
- Symptoms
29
Symptoms of **COPD**
- Chronic Cough
30
Chronic Cough in **COPD**
- Significance
First symptoms of COPD
31
Chronic Cough in **COPD**
- Timing
**At first:** Present only on waking up
**Later on:** Cough occurs throughout the day (may be attributed by the patient to smoking "smoker's cough"),
32
Chronic Cough in **COPD**
- Characters
May be dry or productive
33
Dyspnea in **COPD**
34
Dyspnea in **COPD**
- Significance
Cardinal symptoms of COPD
35
Dyspnea in **COPD**
- Course & Duration
- Chronic, progressive over time
- Persistent
36
Sputum in **COPD**
37
Sputum in **COPD**
- Characters
38
Chest Wheezes & Tightness in **COPD**
Usually persistent or continuous (not in attacks as bronchial asthma)
39
Fatigue in **COPD**
....
40
Additional Features in **COPD**
41
Signs of **COPD**
42
Signs of **COPD**
- Mild
No abnormality may be found.
43
Signs of **COPD**
- General
44
General Signs of **COPD**
- Attitude
Elevated shoulders with professorial attitude
45
General Signs of **COPD**
- Decubitus
Orthopnea
46
General Signs of **COPD**
- Vitals
- Increased respiratory rate (tachypnea)
- Puslus Paradoxus
47
General Signs of **COPD**
- Neck
- Congested neck veins may be seen on expiration.
- Prominent accessory respiratory muscles in neck.
- Indrawing of the suprasternal and supraclavicular fossae.
48
General Signs of **COPD**
- Abdomen
Abdominal protuberance may occur due to:
- low position of the flat diaphragm with forward displacement of the abdominal contents
49
General Signs of **COPD**
- Lips & Muscles
- Expiratory pursed lip breathing.
- Generalized muscle wasting in advanced cases.
50
Local Examination in **COPD**
51
Local Examination in **COPD**
- Inspection & Palpation
52
Local Examination in **COPD**
- Percusiion
53
Local Examination in **COPD**
- Auscultation
54
Symptoms & signs of respiratory failure or corpulmonale with RSHF
May Be Present
55
blue bloater type of COPD patient may also have
56
The pink puffer type of COPD patient may also have
57
- Clubbing is ..... a feature of COPD and suggests ......
- Not
- malignancy, bronchiectasis or other type of lung diseases
