L16 Vaccination and protection Flashcards
How does variolation work
Deliberate exposure to controlled amount of infectious agent to induce infection and immunity
What did pasteur pioneer
Attenuation
Scientific method
What is Attenuation
Methods to prepare a weakened version of infectious agent as a vaccine
What is the scientific method
Observation, Hypothesis, Experiment, Results, Publish
What problems did louis pasteur encounter
How to grow large amounts of pathogen
How to weaken (attenuate) a pathogen
How to test efficacy of vaccine
What vaccines did louis pasteur develop
Attenuated vaccines against cholera, anthrax, plague, bacteria
Killed vaccines against rabies virus
Virus attenuation process
1 Pathogenic virus is isolated and cultured on host cells
2 virus is incubated on cells from another host
3 Virus spontaneously mutates and grows on monkey cells
4 Virus can be used as a vaccine as it cannot grow on human cells
2 features of a killed vaccine
Usually use chemicals or heat to kill the organism and render it completely uninfective
Antigens from the killed organism can still induce immunity
2 featrues of a subunit vaccine
Isolate antigens from cultivated viruses or bacteria
Antibodies to antigens can protect against infection
what are the 3 approaches to producing vaccines
Attenuated - find or make an attenuated pathogen using culture methods
Killed - kill the pathogen
Subunit - kill the pathogen and isolate its protective antigens (toxoids)
4 examples of live, attenuated vaccines
MMR
Rotavirus
Influenza (LAIV 2014)
Shingles (Zostavax 2015)
3 Examples of subunit vaccines
Diptheria, tetanus, pertussis (DTP)
Influenza surface antigen
Pneumococcal
2 Examples of killed vaccines
Inactivated Polio (salk)
Influenza (split virion)
3 Examples of subunit (conjugate)
Haemophilus influenzae B
Meningicoccal C
Meningicoccal ACWY (2015)
4 examples of recombinant subunit vaccine
HPV
Meningicoccal B (Bexsero)
Shingles (shingrix 2019)
Respiratory syncytial virus (2024)
