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Preventive and Production Medicine (Spring 2015) > L13: Small Ruminant P&P (Maunsell) > Flashcards

L13: Small Ruminant P&P (Maunsell) Flashcards

1
Q

what % of the world’s goat pop. lives in developing countries

A

96%!

  • more goats than cattle worldwide
  • most widely distributed of any mammalian livestock species (about 1 billion total)
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2
Q

uses of goats

A 
meat (1st use)
fiber
dairy: milk, cheese (2nd)
skins
specialty: pet, brush control, draft, scientific
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3
Q

main meat breeds of goats

A

Boer
Spanish
kiko

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4
Q

main pet breeds of goats

A

Fainting Goat

Pygmy

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5
Q

Fainting Goats: Caprine Myotonia Congenita

A
  • transient tetanic spasms of voluntary striated skeletal muscles initiated by visual, tactile or auditory stimuli
  • autosomal dominant inheritance w/ incomplete penetrence
  • becomes apparent at 4-6wks of age
  • no tx
  • can be mild or severe; can be painful
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6
Q

Angora goats produce:

A

mohair (other breeds prod. “cashmere”)

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7
Q

common dairy goat breeds in US (DNK)

A 
alpine
La Mancha
Nubian
Oberhasli
Saanen
Toggenburg
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8
Q

how many sheep worldwide?

A

1.2 billion (concentrated in China, Australia, India, Iran)

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9
Q

main uses of sheep

A 
fiber
meat
dairy: mainly cheese
skins
specialty (scientific)
(primarily meat (80%) and fiber prod. in the U.S.)
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10
Q

Fact: more sheep breeds (>1000!) world-wide than any other livestock species

A

:)

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11
Q

how are sheep breeds classified?

A

by primary purpose (but many are mixed use)

Ex: Meat, Fine-wool, long-wool, dual-purpose, dairy, minor breeds, hair

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12
Q

chars. of Hair Sheep

A
  • originated from hot environments
  • no need to shear (shed fleece naturally)
  • many are non-seasonal breeders
  • common breeds
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13
Q

SR dairy prod. in the US

A
  • mostly goats
  • income comes from dairy products, lambs/kids
  • reproduce each year
  • need a dry period of at least 60d
  • some farms bottle raise, others raised by dam
  • machine or hand milked
  • huge breed variation in sheep milk prod.
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14
Q

regulatory standards for dairy prod.

A
  • SCC higher than in cow milk (1 mil. cells/ml)

- Standard plate count same as cow milk (<5,000 cells/ml)

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15
Q

raw milk consumption

A
  • doesn’t include butter, cheese
  • allowed in some states and not others
  • illegal in FL
  • usually very high quality, but some zoonotic dz risk (ie. Campylobacter jejuni, Q fever)
  • Brucella melitensis zoonotic in foreign countries w/ unvaccinated herds
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16
Q

mohair and cashmere come from goats

A

-Cashmere very labor intensive

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17
Q

typical production cycle for SR in the US

A
  • fall breeding, spring lambing/kidding
  • sometimes have 2 seasons/yr with goats
  • weaning age variable (60-120d)
  • lambs marketed at 2-14mo
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18
Q

major differences in sheep and goat meat production

A
  • lambs may be fed out to market weight by producer or sold as feeder lambs, whereas most meat goat producers feed out their own kids to market wt.
  • less concentrates fed for finishing kids than lambs
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19
Q

sheep operations derive most of their income from:

A

lamb sales for meat

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20
Q

feedlot lamb production increasing or decreasing?

A

decreasing

-now lighter weight lambs going directly to market rather than feedlot

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21
Q

most common uses of sheep in the US**

A

meat and wool production

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22
Q

female goat

A

doe

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23
Q

female sheep

A

ewe

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24
Q

male goat

A

buck

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25
Q

male sheep

A

ram

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26
Q

castrated male goat

A

wether

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27
Q

castrated male sheep

A

wether

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28
Q

physical chars. of sheep

A

tail hangs down
no bear or wattles
upper lip has distinct philtrum

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29
Q

physical chars. of goats

A

many are horned
tail usually erect
beards, wattles

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30
Q

goat behavior

A

> 50% of time browsing

  • picky eaters
  • climb and like rocky elevated locations
  • sideways hooking motion when antagonized
  • fighting: rear on hind legs
  • alarm signal = high pitched sneeze
  • curious
  • newborns “lying out”
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31
Q

sheep behavior

A
  • grazers: monotomous diet
  • grasslands, not climbers
  • butt head on when antagonized or when fighting
  • alarm signal: snort and stamp, form compact bunch
  • run in flock when frightened
  • isolation/unfamiliarity causes stress
  • newborns “lying in”
  • can remember animal/human faces longterm
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32
Q

special considerations in PE

A

head (sinuses for fighting injuries)
teeth (dental problems common cause of poor doers)
urine (breifly occlude nostrils)
udder (halves not quarters)

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33
Q

when measure weight for meat animals?

A

birth
weaning
dam weight at weaning

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34
Q

efficiency of doe or ewe production =

A

(litter weaning weight/doe or ewe weight at weaning) x 100

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35
Q

BCS 1 of sheep and goats***

A 
(Emaciated)
no fat cover
spine prominent and sharp
transverse process sharp
fingers easily pass under
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36
Q

BCS 2 of sheep and goats***

A 
(Thin)
thin fat cover
spine prominent and smooth
muscles medium depth
transverse process rounded
fingers go under with pressure
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37
Q

BCS 3 of sheep and goats***

A 
(Average; ideal)
moderate fat cover
spine rounded and smooth
muscles full
transverse process smooth and rounded
fingers need hard pressure to find ends
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38
Q

BCS 4 of sheep and goats***

A 
(Fat)
fat cover thick
spine detected only as a line
muscles full
transverse process cannot be felt
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39
Q

BCS 5 of sheep and goats***

A 
(Obese)
fat cover very thick
spine not detectable, fat dimple over spine
muscles very full
transverse process can't be felt
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40
Q

estimating the age of sheep and goats

A

4yr: old, worn permanent teeth

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41
Q

drug use in SR

A
  • few drugs approved for use in sheep/goats
  • extra-label use only permitted when an animals’ health is threatened or animal is suffering, and only under veterinary oversight
  • can’t leave residues
42
Q

water intake during pregnancy

A

at least double maintenance (which is 3.5-15L/day) during preg/lactation

43
Q

if free choice, goats will browse how much?

A

80% and graze 20%

44
Q

feeding non-breeding, non-pregnant animals, wethers and pets

A

-quality grass +/- legume hay
-minimal grain
-trace mineral salt
-fresh water
-no more than 1lb gain/day
+/- urine acidifiers to mineral mix to prevent urolithiasis in males

45
Q

nutrition of breeding males

A
  • want to enter breeding season at BCS 3-4.5
  • lose 10% of BW during breeding
  • supplement grain 4-6wks prior to breeding
46
Q

nutrition of adult females

A
  • feed to be BCS 2.5-3 at breeding, then 3-3.5 during early gestation
  • late gestation: maintain 3-3.5 BCS w/ added grain
  • goats maintain BCS easier than sheep
  • more difficult to maintain with additional fetuses
  • lactation: neg. energy balance at peak lactation; BCS can decrease ~1 score. Feed concentrate.
  • non-dairy females: milk prod. demands minimal after ~10wks post-partum and can return to maintenance at this time
47
Q

70-80% of fetal growth occurs:

A

during last 6wks of gestation

48
Q

peak milk production occurs when

A

~2-3wks post-partum

49
Q

most important factor limiting milk prod.

A

feed intake

50
Q

nutrition of kids and lambs: newborns

A
  • should consume 10% BW in first 12hrs
  • 3d-6wks: 15-20% of BW
  • start to eat significant amounts of solid feed by 3wks
51
Q

Creep feeding

A

Supply extra nutrition (usually grain) to nursing lambs/kids if:

  • intensive prod. system
  • multiple births/limiting milk prod.
  • dairy herds/flocks
  • lets in babies, keeps out moms
  • start at 1-2wks old
  • include a coccidiostat
52
Q

nutrition for finishing (weaning to market)

A
  • varies with system: all-pasture, supplement, or feedlot
  • avoid rumen acidosis with >10% roughage, include rumen buffers, avoid sudden diet change, or feed whole (uncracked) grains
53
Q

toxic plant ingestion usually occurs when:

A
  • alternative feeds not available
  • animals very hungry w/o other plants to eat
  • animals confined in an area containing toxic plants
  • goats more at risk
54
Q

puberty generally occurs at what age

A

5-12mo

55
Q

breeding generally occurs at what age

A

~70% mature BW, 7-10mo

56
Q

gestation length

A

sheep 147d

goats 150d

57
Q

reproductive rate

A

offspring born per female exposed for breeding

58
Q

repro seasonality in ewes and does

A
  • seasonal polyestrus
  • short day breeders (fall)
  • affected by nutrition, genetics, management, geography
  • photoperiod affected by melatonin, shortening day length
59
Q

Whitten Effect

A

induction of cyclicity by abrupt introduction of male

  • ewes must be in shallow anestrus
  • ovulation in 48hrs (no signs of heat)
  • estrus in 17d
60
Q

signs of heat in Does

A

flagging, vocalizing, mounting

61
Q

signs of heat in Ewes

A

subtle, will stand for ram to mate

62
Q

most mating is natural service (some AI)

A

:)

63
Q

Preg. dx in ewes and does

A
  • low progesterone >5d after breeding: diagnoses NON-pregnancy
  • pregnancy-specific protein b (BioPryn) >30d post-breeding (doesn’t tell you how MANY fetuses there are)
  • U/S >45d ideal for telling # of fetuses
64
Q

Scrapie ear tags

A

-required for sheep/goats >1yo, unless in slaughter channels moving via interstate commerce with some exceptions

65
Q

Disbudding of goat kids

A
  • sedation, local nerve block, clip hair around
  • cautery destroys horn cornium
  • ~10 seconds
  • lidocaine 0.5%
  • xylazine/ketamine/butorphanol or gas anesthesia
  • done within 1st wk of life (Nubian, Pygmy, Angora kids 10-14d)
66
Q

dehorning older goats

A
  • Small Barnes calf dehorner up to ~6wks of age

- surgical dehorner if older w/o skin closure over sinus (more traumatic)

67
Q

if male kids castrated prior to puberty, the scent glands on the head do not mature

A

T

68
Q

castration

A
  • similar as in bull calfs
  • burdizzo, sx, or elastrator bands
  • lidocaine and NSAIDs
  • 70% ram lambs in US castrated
  • older males castrated surgically w/ local anesthesia
  • best done 4-14d (delayed to 6-8wks in pets to prevent urolithiasis later in life)**
69
Q

tail docking of lambs

A
  • common for wool breeds
  • prevents manure build-up and fly strike
  • not necessary in hair sheep
  • best @ 24hrs to 7d of age
  • electronic docking iron best
  • length should cover vulva or anus (too short predisposes to vaginal and rectal prolapses, perineal neoplasia)
70
Q

hoof care

A

-trim twice yearly (examine more frequently)

71
Q

preventive health

A

targeted parasite control and vax schedules need to be developed for:

  • weaning to breeding
  • maintenance
  • late gestation
  • lactating
  • rams and bucks
  • pets
72
Q

biggest production limiting problem of SR**

A

nematode parasites

73
Q

most common nematode parasites**

A

Haemonchus (esp. in SE)
Ostertagia (esp. in temperate climates)
Trichostrongylus
“HOT”

74
Q

what area of GIT affected by nematode parasites

A

abomasum or SI

75
Q

chars. of Haemonchus

A
  • female worms lay very large #s of eggs
  • short life cycle; quickly contaminates environment
  • larvae thrive in hot/humid
  • late spring/summer worst
  • young animals most susc.
  • causes anemia
76
Q

clinical affects of nematode parasites

A
  • anemia (–> pale mm, weakness, lethargy, sudden death)
  • hypoproteinemia
  • maldigestion
  • malabsorption
  • diarrhea, wt. loss, ventral edema, bottle jaw (assoc. with hypoproteinemia)
77
Q

Dx of parasites

A
  • poor performance
  • CS
  • fecal exam/flotation, quantitative - fecal egg count
78
Q

Fecal Egg Reduction Test

A

used to determine what antihelmintics will be effective in treating parasites/efficacy of tx

79
Q

Tx of parasites

A
  • antihelmintics
  • supportive care
  • minimize # treatments/year!
  • use TARGETED SELECTIVE DEWORMING: 20-30% of flock harbors >80% of worms!
80
Q

what to do BEFORE developing deworming strategy:

A
  • which parasites present
  • parasite burden (FEC)
  • FECRT
81
Q

How to ID animals for selective deworming

A
  • FAMACHA score for detecting anemic animals (deworm when score 3 or 4-5); used for HAEMONCHUS mainly
  • 5 point check (evaluate eyes, back, tail, jaw, and nose0
  • look for animals lagging behind group, bottle jaw, diarrhea or failure to thrive should be examined
  • cull animals that need frequent treatments
82
Q

methods for control of internal parasites

A
  • don’t feed on ground, keep waterers clean
  • avoid overstocking, rest pastures
  • multi-species grazing
  • graze tannin-rich forages
  • zero-grazing (i.e. feedlots)
  • quarantine new arrivals and deworm
  • genetic selection for parasite-resistant populations**
83
Q

how to maximize efficacy of deworming agents

A
  • rotate treatments on annual basis
  • feed dry hay before and after deworming to slow transit time
  • never underdose
84
Q

routine vaccinations

A

Enterotoxemia (C. Perfringens C and D)
Tetanus toxoid
Contagious ecthyma (orf)

85
Q

Non-routine vax

A
  • clostridia
  • rabies
  • intranasal PI3
  • respiratory syncitial virus
  • Chlamydia, Campylobacter fetus (abortion diseases)
  • Footrot
  • Caseous Lymphadenitis
  • Enterotoxogenic E.coli
86
Q

The 5 C’s of lamb/kid raising

A 
Colostrum
Calories
Cleanliness
Comfort
Consistency
87
Q

Predator control: herd lvl

A
  • active destruction
  • livestock guarding animals
  • inc. surveillance, esp. during kidding/lambing
88
Q

CS of Contagious Ecthyma (Orf)

A
  • lesions on lips look like small red spots –> blisters –> scabs
  • usually affects lambs/kids
  • lesions can be on mouth, nose, around vulva, and on teats
  • predisposes to mastitis
89
Q

prognosis and prevention of Contagious Ecthyma (Orf)

A
  • good prog.
  • weight loss can be severe though
  • prevent with live/ML vax (used if premesis infected, in show stock, and in feedlot lambs)
  • recovered develop life time immunity
90
Q

tx of Contagious Ecthyma (Orf)

A

none (self-limiting)

91
Q

Is Contagious Ecthyma (Orf) zoonotic?

A

YES (disease and vaccine!)

92
Q

CS of Caseous Lymphadenitis

A
  • absess of external LN
  • unthrifty if internal abscesses
  • usually >1yo
  • minimal death loss
93
Q

prognosis/prevention of Caseous Lymphadenitis

A
  • recovery rare
  • prevent w/ sanitation and prevention of lacerations
  • cull poor doers or chronics
  • sanitize shearing equipment
94
Q

tx of Caseous Lymphadenitis

A
  • drain or surgically remove abscess + systemic penicillin

- long term tx usually indicated

95
Q

CS of Coccidiosis

A
  • greenish/yellow d
  • off feed
  • weight loss
  • fecal material smeared around rectum
  • primarily a dz of feedlot lambs or newly weaned lambs/kids*
96
Q

Prog/prev. of Coccidiosis

A
  • 10-50% morbidity w/ 10% mortality
  • prevent with sanitation, isolation
  • feed Deccox or Bovatec on arrival, during/after weanin, pre-lambing, or other stress periods
97
Q

tx of Coccidiosis

A

amprolium or sulfa drugs plus supportive care

-very resistant in env.

98
Q

chars. of pregnancy toxemia

A
  • severe dz of ewes/does during advanced pregnancy
  • more prevalent in ewes/does bearing twins/triplets
  • neg. energy balance, hypoglycemia, inc. fat catabolism –> ketonemia, ketonuria, incoordination, impaired vision, downer, coma, death
99
Q

tx of pregnancy toxemia

A 
C-section
induce parturition
IV dextrose
oral propylene glycol
Ca (for the 20% that are hypocalcemic)
100
Q

prevention of pregnancy toxemia

A

high plane of nutrition lasting 2mo.

closely monitor for ketosis

Preventive and Production Medicine (Spring 2015) (15 decks)

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