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Preventive and Production Medicine (Spring 2015) > L12: Aquaculture 101 (Francis-Flloyd) > Flashcards

L12: Aquaculture 101 (Francis-Flloyd) Flashcards

1
Q

aquaculture

A

the controlled rearing of aquatic organisms

-fastest growing animal industry

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2
Q

where does most aquaculture production occur?***

A

Asia (89% of global production)

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3
Q

areas of big salmon production

A

Chile
Norway
Canada

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4
Q

primary aquaculture product in China

A

carp (also shrimp)

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5
Q

what is Florida’s biggest industry?***

A

production of tropical fish for pet trade

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6
Q

Top 6 industries in FL***

A 
Tropical Fish
Aquatic Plants
Clams (<-- largest food fish production is CLAMS!***)
Alligators
Catfish
Other food fish
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7
Q

chars. of EXTENSIVE culture technique***

A
  • focuses on fishery management rather than aquaculture management
  • low biomass: volume ratio (low stocking density)
  • minimal management required (NO feed, aeration needed)
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8
Q

chars. of INTENSIVE culture technique***

A
  • management becomes more like traditional farm management (»>1000lb/acre)
  • problems: crowding, water quality, nutrition, infectious disease
  • feeding, water quality management, aeration required
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9
Q

tidal flush

A

using the natural flow of tides to circulate water in aquaculture enclosures

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10
Q

advantages of EXTENSIVE production**

A
  • little to no investment equip/feed
  • fish can be trapped
  • water quality probs. minimized
  • natural food available in pond
  • can be used as source of protein from community managed ponds in region``
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11
Q

livebearers

A

fish that produce live young and don’t lay eggs

ie swordtails, guppies, mollies, platies

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12
Q

tradition broodstock production

A
  • stock broodfish into fertilized pond
  • offer very low quality feed in small amounts
  • place baited traps to harvest big enough fish
  • NO control of genetics or # harvested!
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13
Q

Tale of the swordtail***

A
  • lack of selectvie breeding –> poor swords, dec. value

- many farms now raise these fish intensively to control quality and improve selective breeding practices

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14
Q

adv. of INTENSIVE production

A
  • more control, elimination of predation

- massive inc. in production

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15
Q

disadv. of INTENSIVE production

A
  • inc. risk of disease and disease transmission
  • system failure –> catastrophic loss
  • high start-up and operating cost
  • complete diet required
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16
Q

Intensive production: egg layer production

A
  • initial rearing in hatcheries
  • grow out in ponds/tanks
  • biosecurity critical
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17
Q

types of production systems used for aquaculture production in the U.S.***

A
  • Earthen ponds (54%) –> channel catfish***. hybrid striped bass, shrimp
  • raceways (rainbow trout)
  • cages or net pens (salmon)
  • re-circulating tank systems (Tilapia)
  • underwater lease (clams)
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18
Q

advantages of pond production

A
  • free/cheap water
  • filtration system not required
  • some natural food available
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19
Q

disadvantages of pond production

A
  • minimal control of env.**
  • predation can exceed 70%
  • difficult to maintain inventory
  • “Off Flavor” hard to control
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20
Q

chars. of Earthen ponds

A
  • intensity of management determined by stocking density
  • dissolved oxygen often limiting
  • minimal control of rearing conditions
  • most common method used for production aquaculture in U.S.
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21
Q

ideal shape of earthen pond***

A

cake pan shape!

-narrow deep ponds don’t do well due to stratification

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22
Q

adv. of raceway prod. systems

A
  • often use “free” water from river or other source
  • use high flows instead of investment in filtration
  • relatively inexpensive
23
Q

disadv. of raceway prod. system

A
  • poor control of water source
  • introduce dz and contaminants if using surface water
  • crowding facilitates rapid spread of dz
  • txs can be difficult b/c large volumes of water used
24
Q

adv. of Cage Culture

A
  • tidal flush can be used
  • risk of contam. or dz from local water
  • easy to harvest
25
Q

disadv. of Cage Culture

A
  • controversial in populated areas
  • exposure to wild fish (dz)
  • potential for contam. from local water
  • susceptible to storm damage
  • predation
  • concern for damage to local env.
  • very crowded, potential for rapid spread of dz
  • difficult to tx
26
Q

adv. of Re-circulating Systems

A
  • complete control of env.
  • elim. of predation
  • very efficient grow out for suitable species (ie. tilaia do well, catfish do not)
  • tx easier and less expensive than other systems
27
Q

disadv. of Re-circulating Systems

A
  • very high investment
  • high risk (catastrophic failure)
  • intensive management required
  • expensive to operate/maintain
  • biosecurity critical
28
Q

chars. of All-in-all-out production strategy

A
  • system drained at end of prod. cycle
  • all fish removed
  • disinfection and removal of sediment and muck
29
Q

chars. of Continuous production strategy

A
  • system rarely drained
  • following harvest, “top off” pond with fingerlings to replace rish removed by harvest
  • industry standard for catfish production
30
Q

adv. of Continuous Harvest

A
  • no “down time” to dry out pond

- practical for large ponds

31
Q

disadv. of Continuous Harvest

A
  • loose track of inventory
  • pond banks erode
  • massive accumulation of organic matter
  • when maintenance does occur, it is major
  • major dz control difficult
32
Q

adv. of All-in-all-out Harvest

A
  • better control of inventory
  • avoid build up of organic material
  • can produce multiple crops in same pond
  • better biosecuriy
33
Q

disadv. of all-in-all-out Harvest

A
  • labor intensive

- more effluent (waste discharge) from pond

34
Q

most important aquaculture industry in U.S.***

A

channel catfish

-NOT a big business in FL

35
Q

special health concerns for channel catfish

A 
Water quality (low dissolved oxygen, "off flavor", ammonia/nitrite)
Infectious Dz
36
Q

chars. of Tilapia**

A
  • very hardy
  • omnivorous
  • thrives on low quality feed
  • exotic to FL
  • freshwater
  • THERMAL LIMITED. Temps <50 F is FATAL**
37
Q

1 fin fish produced in China

A

Carp/Koi

38
Q

Euro style of Koi show

A

fish isolated from eachother for judging

39
Q

Japanese style of Koi show

A

fish placed in same tub for judging

-prob = dz trans.

40
Q

special health concerns for carp/koi

A 
Viral disease:
-Spring Viremia of Carmp (SVC)) --> FAD
-Koi Herpes Virus (KHV) --> endemic to U.S.
Bacterial dz:
-Aeromonas salmonicida
41
Q

Koi Herpes Virus***

A
  • aka Cyprinid HV 3
  • endemic to U.S.
  • warm water disease
  • primary target: gill
  • REPORTABLE (but no action taken)
42
Q

Spring Viremia of Carp***

A
  • FAD
  • cool water disease
  • non-specific signs
  • REPORTABLE: depopulation required!
43
Q

basic components of fish health management program

A
  • water quality/life support
  • nutrition
  • sanitation
  • quarantine/biosecurity
44
Q

Basic Water Quality Parameters

A
  • dissolved oxygen**
  • total ammonia nitrogen (TAN)**
  • unionized ammonia nitrogen (toxic ammonia)**
  • temp
  • CO2
  • pH
  • total alkalinity
  • total hardness
  • nitrate, nitrite
  • salinity
45
Q

sources of dissolved oxygen

A
  • diffusion (atmospheric)
  • agitation (wind/wave action of “bubbler”)
  • photosynthesis (“green” water only)
46
Q

diurnal oxygen cycle

A

highest D.O. at dusk, lowest at dawn (rises during the day, falls over night)

47
Q

thermocline

A

area of rapid temp. change that separates warm and cold water
-occurs in stratification

48
Q

issue of stratification

A
  • cold water sinks and thermocline develops
  • oxygen demand builds up in cold water
  • when water mixes in Turnover, O2 is diluted to all stratums
  • catastrophic fish kill possible (ie. following storms)
49
Q

The Nitrogen Cycle

A

1) fish respiration/decomposing organic matter/excess food/fish excreta/anaerobic bacteria –> ammonia
2) bacteria remove ammonia and produce nitrite
3) bacteria convert nitrite to nitrate
4) nitrate builds up or feeds anaerobic bacteria or fertilizes plants

50
Q

as pH increases, ammonia becomes more toxic to fish***

A

:)

51
Q

adverse effects of ammonia

A
  • osmoregulation affected
  • blood pH increases
  • inc. O2 need
  • dec. O2 transport
  • chronic low lvl ammonia –> inhibited growth, inc. susceptibility to dz
52
Q

How to avoid ammonia toxicity in water garden

A
  • reduce stocking density
  • don’t overfeed
  • maintain optimal DO
  • add biofiltration
  • water change
53
Q

how to avoid ammonia toxicity in pond

A
  • reduce stocking density
  • harvest frequently
  • don’t overfeed
  • maintain optimal DO
  • water change

Preventive and Production Medicine (Spring 2015) (15 decks)

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