L1. Intro to Cells Flashcards
Give the flow chart from cells to systems.
Cells
tissues
organs
systems
Name the 5 basic layers of the gingivae.
- Epithelium (both keratinised and non-keratinised)
- Fibroblasts (produces collagen for connective tissue)
- Macrophages (produced by monocytes)
- Capillaries
- ECM
Which 4 features are present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Cytoplasm DNA Cell membrane Ribosomes (CD,CdRom)
Briefly describe prokaryotic cells.
Smaller with a simpler structure and no true nucleus eg bacteria.
Briefly describe eukaryotic cells.
Larger, more complex and have a nucleus. eg plants and animals.
What is meant by facilitated diffusion?
HC to LC using an integral membrane protein as a pore or channel.
What is active transport?
LC to HC assisted by enzymes and ATP energy.
Name the 2 main components of the lipid bilayer.
Polar hydrophilic head
Non-polar hydrophobic tail
What does cholesterol in the lipid bilayer look like, and what does it do?
It looks like honeycomb hexagons.
It provides structural integrity.
What are lipid tails made of?
Fatty acid.
Name 2 haemoglobinopathies.
Sickle cell anaemia
thalassemia
Describe sickle cell anaemia.
Abnormality of haemoglobin so oxygen uptake is reduced.
Describe thalassemia.
[Inherited]
Abnormal/inadequate haemoglobin destroys red blood cells, leading to anaemia.
Where are ribosomes made?
In the nucleolus.
How is DNA packaged?
DNA is coiled around histone proteins to create nucleosomes.
What do ribosomes facilitate?
Protein translation
Give an example of a ribosomopathy.
Treacher Collins Syndrome.
Describe Treacher Collins syndrome.
Abnormal craniofacial development
What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?
protein production and modification.
Where are steroid hormones produced?
Synthesised from cholesterol in the gonads and adrenal glands
What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?
Manufactures lipids and detoxifies organic chemicals
Name the main liver tissue type.
Hepatocytes
What is the result of endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction?
Defective protein folding and processing.
In which diseases can endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction be seen?
Alheimer’s
Parkinson’s
Epilepsy
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
stores, packages and modifies proteins (post-translational modification)
What structure forms lysosomes?
Golgi apparatus
What do lysosomes do?
Their enzymes destroy cells
What is the purpose of vacuoles?
Storage
What does the mitochondria contain?
Maternal mDNA
Describe the structure of mitochondria.
Outer, smooth, sieve-like membrane
inner membrane folded into cristae where ATP is generated.
Where does the citric acid cycle take place?
In the mitochondrial matrix
Which diseases are liked to mitochondrial dysfunction?
Alzheimer’s
Parkinson’s
Huntington’s
What are microfilaments made of?
Actin monomers (for muscle contraction)
What are intermediate filaments made of?
fibrous sub-units (building blocks of nuclear lamina)
What are microtubules made of?
1alpha tubulin monomer and 1beta tubulin monomer. Together they make a tubulin dimer.
What is a tubulin dimer necessary for?
The movement of cellular components
