L1. Intro to Cells

Question 1

Give the flow chart from cells to systems.

Answer 1

Cells
tissues
organs
systems

Question 2

Name the 5 basic layers of the gingivae.

Answer 2

1. Epithelium (both keratinised and non-keratinised)
2. Fibroblasts (produces collagen for connective tissue)
3. Macrophages (produced by monocytes)
4. Capillaries
5. ECM

Question 3

Which 4 features are present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 3

Cytoplasm
DNA
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
(CD,CdRom)

Question 4

Briefly describe prokaryotic cells.

Answer 4

Smaller with a simpler structure and no true nucleus eg bacteria.

Question 5

Briefly describe eukaryotic cells.

Answer 5

Larger, more complex and have a nucleus. eg plants and animals.

Question 6

What is meant by facilitated diffusion?

Answer 6

HC to LC using an integral membrane protein as a pore or channel.

Question 7

What is active transport?

Answer 7

LC to HC assisted by enzymes and ATP energy.

Question 8

Name the 2 main components of the lipid bilayer.

Answer 8

Polar hydrophilic head

Non-polar hydrophobic tail

Question 9

What does cholesterol in the lipid bilayer look like, and what does it do?

Answer 9

It looks like honeycomb hexagons.

It provides structural integrity.

Question 10

What are lipid tails made of?

Answer 10

Fatty acid.

Question 11

Name 2 haemoglobinopathies.

Answer 11

Sickle cell anaemia

thalassemia

Question 12

Describe sickle cell anaemia.

Answer 12

Abnormality of haemoglobin so oxygen uptake is reduced.

Question 13

Describe thalassemia.

Answer 13

[Inherited]

Abnormal/inadequate haemoglobin destroys red blood cells, leading to anaemia.

Question 14

Where are ribosomes made?

Answer 14

In the nucleolus.

Question 15

How is DNA packaged?

Answer 15

DNA is coiled around histone proteins to create nucleosomes.

Question 16

What do ribosomes facilitate?

Answer 16

Protein translation

Question 17

Give an example of a ribosomopathy.

Answer 17

Treacher Collins Syndrome.

Question 18

Describe Treacher Collins syndrome.

Answer 18

Abnormal craniofacial development

Question 19

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

Answer 19

protein production and modification.

Question 20

Where are steroid hormones produced?

Answer 20

Synthesised from cholesterol in the gonads and adrenal glands

Question 21

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

Answer 21

Manufactures lipids and detoxifies organic chemicals

Question 22

Name the main liver tissue type.

Answer 22

Hepatocytes

Question 23

What is the result of endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction?

Answer 23

Defective protein folding and processing.

Question 24

In which diseases can endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction be seen?

Answer 24

Alheimer’s
Parkinson’s
Epilepsy

Question 25

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Answer 25

stores, packages and modifies proteins (post-translational modification)

Question 26

What structure forms lysosomes?

Answer 26

Golgi apparatus

Question 27

What do lysosomes do?

Answer 27

Their enzymes destroy cells

Question 28

What is the purpose of vacuoles?

Answer 28

Storage

Question 29

What does the mitochondria contain?

Answer 29

Maternal mDNA

Question 30

Describe the structure of mitochondria.

Answer 30

Outer, smooth, sieve-like membrane | inner membrane folded into cristae where ATP is generated.

Question 31

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

Answer 31

In the mitochondrial matrix

Question 32

Which diseases are liked to mitochondrial dysfunction?

Answer 32

Alzheimer's Parkinson's Huntington's

Question 33

What are microfilaments made of?

Answer 33

Actin monomers (for muscle contraction)

Question 34

What are intermediate filaments made of?

Answer 34

fibrous sub-units (building blocks of nuclear lamina)

Question 35

What are microtubules made of?

Answer 35

1alpha tubulin monomer and 1beta tubulin monomer. Together they make a tubulin dimer.

Question 36

What is a tubulin dimer necessary for?

Answer 36

The movement of cellular components