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P&T Block 1 > L1 > Flashcards

L1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the physical division of the NS?

A

Central vs peripheral

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2
Q

What is the functional division of the NS?

A

Somatic vs. autonomic

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3
Q

Where does the parasympa originate from the spine?

A

Cranio-sacral

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4
Q

Are para pre-gang neurons long or short? What does this say about where the ganglia are located?

A

PARA

Long pre-gang b/c synapse at ganglia that are at/near the target organ

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5
Q

Where do sympa pre-gang neurons originate from the spine?

A

Thoraco-lumbar

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6
Q

What NT do all pre-ganglionic neurons release?

A

ACh

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7
Q

What NT do para post-gang neurons release?

A

ACh = cholinergic neurons

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8
Q

What NT do somatic motor neurons release on to muscle?

A

ACh

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9
Q

What is the primary NT released by sympa post-gang neurons? Which NTs are sometimes released by these neurons?

A

NE
Big sites of action: heart, resp tract, blood vessels, bladder
Sometimes D or ACh

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10
Q

Which NT is released to stimulate the adrenal medulla? Which NTs can the adrenal medulla release into the blood in response?

A 
Stim = ACh
Release = NE or E
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11
Q

Describe ACh synthesis:

  • Where
  • Transporters
  • Enzymes
A
  1. Choline uptake into cholinergic nerve terminal
  2. ACoA (made in mitochondria) + choline –> ACh
    ChAT enzyme
  3. ACh into vesicles
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12
Q

Which transporter moves choline into the nerve terminal? Which transporter moves ACh into vesicles?

A 
CHT = into term
VAT = into vesicle
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13
Q

What process causes exocytosis of ACh vesicles?

A

Neuron AP
Opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels
↑ [Ca2+] –> vesicle fusion

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14
Q

Which enzyme degrades ACh back into choline & acetate inactivating it?

A

AChE = acetylcholinesterase

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15
Q

Explain the 5 steps of NE synthesis in the nerve terminal.

A
  1. Tyrosine uptake
  2. Tyrosine –> DOPA
    - Tyrosine hydroxylase
    - RATE LIM STEP
  3. DOPA –> dopamine
  4. Dopamine –> vesicles
  5. Dopamine –> NE
    - Dopamine beta hydroxylase
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16
Q

Which transporter moves dopamine into vesicles?

A

VMAT

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17
Q

How is NE’s action the synapse terminated?

A
  1. Diffusion

2. Reuptake into terminal via NET

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18
Q

What enzyme coverts NE –> EPI in the adrenal medulla?

A

Phenyl-ethanol-amine-N-methyl-transferase

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19
Q

What is the action of cocaine vs amphetamine in the adrenergic nerve terminal?

A

Cocaine - stop NE reuptake

Amphetamine - increase non-vesicular release of NE (NE that was cytosolic)

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20
Q

What molecules are you looking for if you assay the blood for catecholamine metabolites?

A

Meta-nephrine & nor-metanephrine

21
Q

Which enzyme converts NE/E –> normeta/metanephrine?

A

COMT

22
Q

What molecules are you looking for if you assay the urine for catecholamines?

A

VMA

MHPG

23
Q

What enzyme converts normeta/metanephrine –> VMA & MHPG?

A

MAO = mono-amine oxidase

24
Q

What are the 2 types of cholinergic (ACh) receptors?

A

Nicotonic - Nn & Nm

Muscarinic - M1-3

25
Q

Are nicotinic receptors ion channels or GCPRs?

A

Ion channels - bind ACh, open Na/K channel

26
Q

Are muscarinic receptors ion channels or GCPRs?

A

GCPRs
M1 & 3 = Gq
M2 = Gi = inhibitory via ↓PKA

27
Q

What do Gq receptors do?

A

Activate phospholipase -> IP3 -> ↑[Ca2+] -> activate PKC

28
Q

Where do you find Nn receptors? What is the response if they bind ACh?

A

Nn = neuronal
@ ganglia & adrenal medulla
+ ACh : EPSP –> AP –> release catecholamines

29
Q

Is Nn transmission 1:1?

A

NO - think about it, its on a ganglia!

Need temporal or spatial summation to reach threshold

30
Q

Where do you find Nm receptors? What is the response if bind ACh? Is transmission 1:1?

A

Nm = muscular!
@ NMJ
+ ACh: end plate potential –> AP in muscle –> contract
YES 1:1

31
Q

Where do you find M1 receptors? What happens if they bind ACh?

A

@ Autonomic ganglia

Late EPSP in ganglia

32
Q

Where do you find M3 receptors? What happens if they bind ACh?

A

Smooth muscle, glands, endothelium

Fxn = contraction, secretion

33
Q

Where do you find M2 receptors? Fxn if bind ACh?

A

@ HEART
Parasympa at heart = rest (Gi)
↓Contractility
Slower pacemaker = ↓HR

34
Q

What are the 3 types of adernergic/dopaminergic receptors? Are they all ion receptors or GCPRs?

A

Alpha - 1 & 2
Beta - 1, 2, 3
D1
ALL GCPRs

35
Q

Where do you find alpha1 receptors? What happens when binds NE?

A

Vascular smooth muscle - contract
Intestines - relax
Liver - glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis

36
Q

Where do you find alpha2 receptors? What happens at each location when NE binds?

A

Pancreas beta cells
Platelets
Nerve endings - ↓transmitter release
Vasc smooth muscle - contract

37
Q

Where do you find beta1 receptors? What happens when bind NE?

A

Heart - ↑HR, contractility

J-g apparatus - ↑renin release = water retention

38
Q

Where do you find beta2 receptors? Effects of binding NE?

A

Pulmonary smooth muscle - bronchodilation (relax)
Liver - ↑glycogenolysis
Skeletal muscle - ↑K uptake

39
Q

Where do you find beta3 receptors? Effects of binding NE?

A

Adipose cells - ↑lipolysis

40
Q

Where do you find dopamine receptors? Effects of binding NE?

A

Vasc smooth muscle - dilate = ↑blood flow at coronary, renal, and mesenteric plexi

41
Q

What is an autoreceptor vs heteroreceptor?

A 
Autoreceptor = pre-synaptic receptor for uptake of that neuron's own NT to terminate action (alpha 2)
Heteroreceptor = presynaptic receptor for OTHER agents (neuromodulators)
42
Q

What is a quantum?

A

Amt of ACh stored in 1 synaptic vesicle

Referenced for transmission at NMJ

43
Q

What is a mini end plate potential?

A

Spontaneous release of 1 quanta into the synaptic cleft

44
Q

Describe what can happen when ACh is release at a ganglia for transmission - which receptors may be activated and what would happen due to each?

A

Nn - fast EPSP
M1 - slow EPSP via K+ channel closing
M2 - IPSP

45
Q

What 4 variables does the sympathetics control for the heart?

A
  1. TPR
  2. HR
  3. Contractility
  4. Venous tone (preload)
46
Q

How does para influence the heart?

A

HR - directly decreases

47
Q

What is the baroreceptor reflex for blood pressure regulation?

A

High BP
↑baroreceptor firing
↓sympa –> dilate vasc smooth muscle to ↓preload
↑para = dominate heart tone anyways

48
Q

Does sympathetic innervation of the dilator muscle cause miosis or mydriasis?

A

DILATION = mydriasis

49
Q

Does para innervation of the constrictor muscle cause miosis or mydriasis?

A

MIOSIS = constriction

P&T Block 1 (43 decks)

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