Kinesiology - ankle and foot Flashcards
How many bones are there total in the foot?
26
What is the name of the big toe
Hallux
How many tarsal bones do we have?
7
What are the 7 tarsal bones?
- calcaneus
- talus
- navicular
- cuboid
- 3 cuneiforms
How many metatarsals do we have?
5
How many phalanges do we have?
14
How many phalanges does each toe have?
3
How many phalanges does the hallux have?
2
What are the names of the cuneiform bones in the foot?
- medial cuneiform
- intermediate cuneiform
- lateral cuneiform
What is the name for the ankle joint?
talocrural joint
What joint is inbetween the talus and calcaneus
subtalar joint
What kind of joint is the talocrural joint?
hinge joint
Does the lateral malleolus or medial malleolus extend further
lateral malleolus
How many joints are there in the foot that do not drive movement
4
What are the 4 joints in the foot that do not drive movement called?
- metatarsophalangeal
- interphalangeal
- tarsometatarsal
- intertarsal
How many lateral ligaments are there in the foot?
3
What are the names of the 3 lateral ligaments in the foot?
- anterior talofibular (ATFL)
- posterior talofibular (PTFL)
- calcaneofibular (CFL)
How many medial ligaments are there in the foot?
5
What are the names of the 5 medial bones in the foot?
- posterior tibiotalar
- anterior tibiotalar
- tibiocalcaneal
- tibionavicular
- plantarcalcaneonavicular
What are the 6 movements that the foot/ankle carry out?
- dorsiflexion
- plantarflexion
- inversion
- eversion
- pronation
- supination
What does pronation involve (PED)
- eversion
- dorsiflexion
What does supination involve (SIP)
- inversion
- plantarflexion
What are the 4 muscle compartments in the foot?
1) anterior
2) lateral
3) deep posterior
4) superficial posterior
What muscles are involved in superficial posterior
- gastrocnemius
- soleus
- plantaris
What movements are involved in superficial posterior
- plantarflexion
- flexion (knee) - gastrocnemius
What muscles are involved in deep posterior
- flexor digitorum longus
- flexor hallucis longus
- tibialis posterior (popliteus)
What movements are involved in deep posterior
- plantarflexion
- inversion
- flexion (toes)
What muscles are involved in anterior
- tibialis anterior
- extensor hallucis longus
- extensor digitorum longus
- peroneus tertium
What movements are involved in anterior
- dorsiflexion
- inversion
- eversion
- extension (toes)
What muscles are involved in lateral
- peroneus longus (long)
- peroneus brevis (short)
What movements are involved in lateral
- plantarflexion
- eversion
What is the lateral origin of the gastrocnemius?
posterior of lateral femoral condyle
What is the medial origin of the gastrocnemius?
posterior of medial femoral condyle
What is the insertion of the gastrocnemius?
posterior surface of calcaneus (via achilles tendon)
What is the innervation of the gastrocnemius?
tibial nerve
What is the palpation of the gastrocnemius?
upper half of posterior lower leg
What is the origin of the soleus?
posterior of proximal fibula and proximal 2/3 of posterior tibia
What is the insertion of the soleus?
posterior of calcaneus (via achilles tendon)
What is the innervation of the soleus?
tibial nerve
What is the palpation of the soleus?
under gastrocnemius
What is the origin of the tibialis anterior?
upper 2/3 of lateral surface of tibia
What is the insertion of the tibialis anterior?
inner surface of medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
What is the most common foot/ankle injury?
ligament sprain (inversion)
List the plantarflexors in the foot/ankle
- gastrocnemius
- soleus
- tibialis posterior
- FDL
- FHL
- peroneus longus
- peroneus brevis
List the dorsiflexors in the foot/ankle
- tibialis anterior
- EDL
- EHL
- peroneus tertius
List the invertors in the ankle/foot
- tibialis anterior
- tibialis posterior
- FDL
- FHL
List the evertors in the ankle/foot
- peroneus brevis
- peroneus longus
- peroneus tertius
- EDL
What is a ligament sprain (inversion)?
- ankle ligament tear
- usually 2+ together
- anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular most common pairing
What is the mechanism of a ligament sprain (inversion)?
- inversion and supination
- usually on landing or incorrect/uncoordinated placement of the foot
What is the management of a ligament sprain (inversion)?
- RICE
- NSAIDs
- progressive rehabilitation
What is the presentation of a ligament sprain (inversion)?
- specific pain when joint is loaded/moved
- tenderness and swelling to anterior and lateral regions
- bruising behind and below lateral malleolus
What is the complications of a ligament sprain (inversion)?
- reinjury
- reduced performance
What is tibial stress syndrome commonly known as?
shin splints
What is the mechanism of tibial stress syndrome?
- usually caused by overuse
- periostitis - acute inflammation of tendon sheath
What is the management for tibial stress syndrome?
- RICE
- NSAIDs
- progressive rehabilitation
- surface change
What is the presentation of tibial stress syndrome?
- local pain with plantarflexion (medial tibial) or dorsiflexion (anterior tibial)
- tenderness, heat and inflammation
What is the complications for tibial stress syndrome?
- reinjury
- reduced performance
- could be masking a stress fracture of the tibia
