Growth and Development - measuring biological maturity Flashcards
Is it true that at all ages we see that girls on average perform less PA than boys?
yes
When measuring biological maturity and PA should we use chronological age or biological age?
biological
What is the impact of biological maturity on sports participation/success?
- puberty may start to impact sports selection E.G women in gymnastics
- height as people are either early or late maturers
- girls are said to go through puberty before boys so may have a negative impact on sport
What is a maturity indicator?
definable and sequential change in any part of the body that is characteristic of the body from immaturity to maturity
List what a good measurement technique should include
- reflect changes in a biological system
- be somewhat independent of growth
- be applicable from birth to childhood
- reach the same adult state in all individuals
- show a continuous increase over the complete process
What can skeletal maturity indicators be judged by?
- initial appearance
- definition and characterisation of each bone by gradual shape differentiation
- fusion or union of epiphysis and diaphysis in metacarpals
What are the 3 methods that are commonly used to assess skeletal age?
- greulich pyle method
- tanner whitehouse method
- roche (fels) method
What are some of the differences in these assessments?
- hand and wrist bones used
- scoring system
- weighting of specific bones
- reference samples
What are the disadvantages to a skeletal age assessment?
- trained personnel required
- specialised equipment needed
- expose to small amount of radiation
What are the advantages to a skeletal age assessment?
- spans the whole growth period
- present in boys and girls
- objective
- specific/detailed
What is morphological age?
age based on height
What is BASIS?
involves the attainment of size at specific ages to provide an age for height assessment
Is morphological age an indicator of maturity?
no
What are the disadvantages of an APHV assessment?
- requires longitudinal data
- adolescence specific
What are the advantages of an APHV assessment?
- easy to obtain
- accurate
- gender comparisons
What are the disadvantages of APHV prediction?
- is adolescent specific
- developed on a caucasian sample
- accurate around APHV, becomes less accurate as the individuals moves away from APHV
- can only be used prior to maturity
What are the advantages of APHV prediction?
- does not require longitudinal data
- inexpensive
- non-invasive
- easy to administer
- gender comparisons
What does the Khamis-Roche method predict?
predicts adult stature from age, height, weight, mid-biological parent height
What are the disadvantages of the Khamis-Roche prediction method?
- is adolescent specific
- developed on a caucasian sample
- can only be used prior to maturity
- requires a measure of the heights of the biological parents
What are the advantages of the Khamis-Roche prediction method?
- does not require longitudinal data
- inexpensive
- non-invasive
- easy to administer
- gender comparisons
What are the 5 stages of secondary sex characteristics?
1) pre-pubertal state (the absence of the development of each characteristic)
2) the initial overt development of each characteristics
3 + 4) continued maturation of each characteristic
5) the adult or mature state
What is boys onset of sexual maturity?
genitalia development = 9.2-12.4 years
pubic hair growth = 11.2-13.4 years
What is girls onset of sexual maturity?
breast development = 8.9-11.6 years
pubic hair growth = 8.8-12.1 years
What are the disadvantages of secondary sex characteristics?
- limited to pubertal or adolescent period
- gender comparisons
- one time assessment = reduced sensitivity
- direct visual assessment = intrusive
- self assessment = biases
