Growth and Development - systems growth

Question 1

What is systems growth?

Answer 1

an understanding of changes that occur in the circulatory and respiratory systems during growth

Question 2

Why is systems growth important?

Answer 2

• appreciation of functional development
• for understanding the responses of children to exercise

Question 3

What are the changes in heart size?

Answer 3

• volume of the heart increases postnatally until young adulthood
• heart volume is about 40cm3 at birth
• reaches 600-800cm3 in young adulthood

Question 4

Does the ratio of heart mass to body mass decrease or increase during childhood and adolescence?

Answer 4

declines exponentially

Question 5

Is the increase in heart volume greater than the increase in heart mass during growth?

Answer 5

yes, heart volume increase is greater

Question 6

Does tidal volume increase or decrease with age?

Answer 6

increase

Question 7

Why does lung growth appear to ‘lag’ behind growth in height?

Answer 7

doesnt need to be proportionate

Question 8

What is maximal oxygen uptake?

Answer 8

represents the maximum amount of oxygen that can be extracted from the atmosphere, transported to the working muscle and taken up and utilised by the exercising tissue

Question 9

Why is maximal oxygen uptake a physiological characteristic of interest?

Answer 9

• sets the limit for ATP generation using oxygen dependent metabolic pathways, therefore has an important influence of performance
• maximal oxygen uptake seems to be linked to markers of health independent of other risk factors

Question 10

What is the summary of oxygen uptake and age?

Answer 10

• peak VO2 stable in males
• decreasing in females
• male values higher than females

Question 11

What are the reasons for sex differences in peak VO2?

Answer 11

• boys have greater muscle mass
• increases in Hb concentration during late teens
• biological maturation
• differences in PA levels