Kinesiology Flashcards
Newton’s first law
equalibrium: A body at rest will stay at rest
Newtons second law
Acceleration: a particle subjected to a resultant force will accelerate in the direction of that force and the magnitude of acceleration will be proportional to the force of manitude
Newtons third law
action/reaction: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
first class lever
FAR
second class lever
ARF
third class lever
AFR
Viscoelastic properties
Time dependent
Rate dependent
Hysteresis
Strain reaches equilibrium over time
Creep phenomenon
Stress strain curve
Toe region: min stress
Elastic region: up to yield point
Plastic region: permanent deformation
Failure point: rupture
Optimal stimulus for bone
loading along the axis of the bone
Optimal stimulus for cartilage
intermittent compression and decompression
Optimal stimulus for ligaments and tendons
tensile stress in the line of fiber orientations
fusiform muscles are for
velocity
penniform muscle are for
force
types of penniform muscles
unipennate
Bipennate
Multipennate
muscle fiber types
I: slow oxidative (one joint, first to atrophy)
IIa: fast oxidative glycolytic
IIb: fast glycolytic
with concentric contraction, greater force can be produced as slower speed and with eccentric contraction, greater force produced at faster speeds
force velocity curve
120% of resting length is optimal for greatest force production because mas cross bridges
Length-tension relationship
for the same muscle force production, the scenario with the greatest moment arm will have the greatest torque
Moment arm distance
Same muscle length
Isometrics
Fixed resistance
Isotonic
Constant speed
Isokinetic
Variable load torque and speed
Isodynamic
Adaptations to strength training
first is neurogenic second is hypertrophy
inability of a two joint muscle to perform a concentric contraction over one joint when it is shortened over another
active insufficiency
inability of a two joint muscle to lengthen over one joint when it is already lengthened over another
Passive infufficiency
Ligament sprain with 0-25% tear, no instability
first degree
Ligament sprain with 26-75% tear, some instability
second degree
Ligament sprain with 75-100% tear, definite instability
third degree
Muscle strain with mild, minimal swelling, loss of ROM and function
first degree
Muscle strain with moderate, mod swelling, significant loss of ROM and funciton
second degree
Muscle strain with severe, extensive swelling, severe loss of ROM and complete loss of function
third degree
A junction between bone that allows for slight to no movement
synarthrosis
types of synarthrosis joints
fibrous
Cartilaginous
a junction that allows moderate to extensive movement
diarthrodial (synovial)
types of diarthrodial for synovial joints
uniaxial
biaxial
triaxial
LE pronation
hip IR, and flex (shortening of limb)
LE supination
Hip ER and ext (lengthening of limb)
The angle in the frontal plane between the neck of femur and medial side of femoral shaft
Angle of inclination
norm angle of inclination
125
Coxa Valgum results
lengthen limb
decrease mechanical advantage
increased jt reaction force
decreased hip stability
Coxa Varum results
shortens limb
longer moment arm for hip(decreased jt rxn forces)
The angle between a line that runs through femoral head and neck, and a line that runs between the femoral condyles
angle of torsion
norm angle of torsion
15 degrees anteversion
hip abduction force is decrease substantially and total jt force is substantially less when a cane is used on the…
contralateral side
Closed chain pronation
calcaneal, Talar, Tibial, knee, hip
eversion, PF and adduction, internal rotation, flexion, internal rotation
Closed chain supination
calcaneal, Talar, Tibial, knee, hip
inversion, DF and abduction, external rotation, extension, external rotation
10 degrees of ER in last 30 degrees of knee extension
screw home mechanism
Ankle Pronation open chain
calcaneal eversion
calcaneal abd
calcaneal DF
ankle pronation closed chain
calcaneal eversion
talar add
talar PF
Ankle supination open chain
calcaneal inv
calcaneal add
calcaneal PF
Ankel supination closed chain
Calcaneal inv
talar abd
talar DF
4 pts of normalcy
tibia is vertical
clacaneus is in line with the tibia
metatarsals are in a plane that is perpendicular to the calcaneus
metatarsals are in the same plane
forefoot varus NWB
forefoot inverted
STJ neutral
clac vertical
forefoot varus WB
forefoot flat
STJ pronated
calc everted
foot pronates too long
forefoot valgus NWB
forefoot everted
STJ neutral
calc vertical
forefoot valgus NWB
forefoot flat
STJ supinated
calc inverted
foot supinates too soon
rearfoot varus NWB
forefoot inverted
STJ neutral
calc inverted
rearfoot varus WB
forefoot flat
STJ pronated
calc vertical
Foot pronates too much
a plantarflexed foot
equinus
Exercise progression
ROM, strength, balance, func strength, straight jog, straight run, sprint, jump, agility, specific skills, return to sport
Determinants of gait
pelvic rotation lateral pelvic tilt lateral shift knee flexion ankle DF heel rise
Gait pelvic rotation
6-10 degrees
gait lateral pelvic tilt
1 inch on swing side
gait lateral shift
1-2 inch
gait knee flex early in stance
15-20 degrees
Ankle DF in early stance
10 degrees max
Phases of gait
Stance phase (60%) Swing phase (40%)
Stance phases
initial contact and loading response 10%
mid stance 20%
terminal stance 20%
pre swing 10%
Swing phases
initial swing 13%
mid swing 14%
terminal swing 13%
hip in initial contact
20-35 degrees flex
knee in loading response
15 degrees of flex
ankle in terminal stance
10 degrees DF determinant of gait
ankle in pre swing
20 degrees DF
hip in pre swing
0-10 degrees ext
Knee in initial swing
mas flexion 60 degrees
Gait temporal values
cadence stance time swing time single support (mid stance and terminal stance) double support gait speed
gait distance variables
stride length
step length
step width
step angle
norm cadence
110 spm
norm stance time
.6 sec
norm swing time
.4 sec
norm gait speed
1.37 m/sec
norm stride length
144 cm 56 in
norm step length
72 cm 28 in
norm step width
8-10 cm 3-4 in
norm step angle
5-7 degrees
IC external moments
hip
knee
ankle
Anterior
Anterior
Posterior
LR external moments
hip
knee
ankle
Anterior
Posterior
Posterior
MS external moments
hip
knee
ankle
Posterior
Anterior
Anterior
TS external moments
hip
knee
ankle
Posterior
Anterior
Anterior
PS external moments
hip
knee
ankle
Posterior
Posterior
Anterior
The position the body adapts in order to maintain a horizontal gaze; the body’s alignment
posture
Primary curves
kyphotic: thoracic, sacrum
Secondary curves
Lordotic: cervical and lumbar
Ideal posture: plumb line aligned with
external auditory meatus acromion process thorax slightly post hip slightly ant knee slightly ant ankle
Cervical spine rotation and side bending are coupled in the _____ direction
same
Vertebral foramen opening in the cervical spine increases with
flexion
opposite side rot
opposite side lat flex
Lumbar spine rotation and side bendging are coupled in the ______ direction
opposite
Fryettes law
Vertebral foramen opening in the lumbar spine increases with
flexion
same side rot
opposite side lat flex
Anterior sacral tilt (base move anteriorly) relative to ilium
Nutation
Posterior sacral tilt (base moves posteriorly) relative to ilium
Counter nutation
instability in spine
spondyloysis
degeneration in spine associated with fx, facet slides forward
spondylolisthesis
functional position of the hand
20-30 degrees wrist ext slight ulnar deviation 35-45 MCP flex 15-30 PIP and DIP flex 35-45 CMC abd
locations for radial nerve entrapment
supinator muscle
locations for median nerve entrapment
pronator teres, FDS, carpal tunnel
Locations for ulnar nerve entrapment
cubital tunnel
guyon’s canal
Clinical sign of radial nerve entrapment
wrist drop
clinical sign of median nerve entrapment
loss of thumb opposition
clinical sign of ulnar nerve entrapment
loss of thumb adduction
froment’s sign
